{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:11:58Z","timestamp":1762272718275},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Models on the evolution of resistance to parasitism generally assume fitness tradeoffs between the costs of being parasitized and the costs associated with resistance. This study tested this assumption using the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum system. Experimental mosquito populations were created by mixing susceptible and resistant strains in equal proportions, and then the dynamics of markers linked to loci for Plasmodium resistance and other unlinked neutral markers were determined over 12 generations. We found that when the mixed population was maintained under parasite-free conditions, the frequencies of alleles specific to the susceptible strain at markers closely linked to the loci for resistance (QTL markers) as well as other unlinked markers increased significantly in the first generation and then fluctuated around equilibrium frequencies for all six markers. However, when the mixed population was exposed to an infected blood meal every generation, allele frequencies at the QTL markers for resistance were not significantly changed. Small population size caused significant random fluctuations of allele frequencies at all marker loci. Consistent allele frequency changes in the QTL markers and other unlinked markers suggest that the reduced fitness in the resistant population has a genome-wide effect on the genetic makeup of the mixed population. Continuous exposure to parasites promoted the maintenance of alleles from the resistant Moyo-R strain in the mixed population. The results are discussed in relation to the proposed malaria control strategy through genetic disruption of vector competence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/164.2.511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:15:55Z","timestamp":1619504155000},"page":"511-519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamics of Molecular Markers Linked to the Resistance Loci in a Mosquito-Plasmodium System"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Severson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010520571523000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1086\/303181","article-title":"The evolution of costly resistance in host-parasite systems","volume":"153","author":"Boots","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009215","article-title":"Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa","volume":"264","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3532325","article-title":"Genetic selection of a Plasmodium-refractory strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"234","author":"Collins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0471","article-title":"Trade-off associated with selection for increased ability to resist parasitoid attack in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"265","author":"Fellowes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R5","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Evolution of host-parasite diversity","volume":"47","author":"Frank","year":"1993","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(76)90117-8","article-title":"Effect of host infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum on the reproductive capacity of Aedes aegypti","volume":"28","author":"Freier","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/107.2.331","article-title":"On the theory of speciation induced by transposable elements","volume":"107","author":"Ginzburg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627","article-title":"FSTAT version 1.2: a computer program to calculate F-statistics","volume":"86","author":"Goudet","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2307\/2532296","article-title":"Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportions for multiple alleles","volume":"48","author":"Guo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(74)90079-2","article-title":"The relationship between Plasmodium gallinaceum density and the fecundity of Aedes aegypti","volume":"23","author":"Hacker","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182096008542","article-title":"The effects of natural Plasmodium falciparum infection on the fecundity and mortality of Anopheles gambiae s. l. in northeast Tanzania","volume":"114","author":"Hogg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813151","article-title":"The effects of infection with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on the reproductive fitness of Anopheles stephensi","volume":"91","author":"Jahan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(89)90384-3","article-title":"A salivary gland-specific maltase-like gene of the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"75","author":"James","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R14","first-page":"461","article-title":"Controlling malaria transmission with genetically-engineered, Plasmodium-resistant mosquitoes: milestones in a model system","volume":"41","author":"James","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2307\/3278435","article-title":"Distribution of a gene for susceptibility to Plasmodium gallinaceum in populations of Aedes aegypti (L.)","volume":"59","author":"Kilama","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1969.11686645","article-title":"Monofactorial inheritance of susceptibility to Plasmodium gallinaceum in Aedes aegypti","volume":"63","author":"Kilama","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/38483","article-title":"Trade-off between parasitoid resistance and larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"389","author":"Kraaijeveld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R18","first-page":"259","article-title":"Basis of the trade-off between parasitoid resistance and larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"267","author":"Kraaijeveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R19","volume-title":"The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change","author":"Lewontin","year":"1974"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994014291","article-title":"Parasitic effects on host life-history traits: a review of recent studies","volume":"1","author":"Michalakis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0019","article-title":"Parasitehost coevolution and geographic patterns of parasite infectivity and host susceptibility","volume":"263","author":"Morand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5494.1166","article-title":"Survival for immunity: the price of immune system activation for bumblebee workers","volume":"290","author":"Moret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569897","article-title":"Mating patterns in malaria parasite populations of Papua New Guinea","volume":"269","author":"Paul","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573","article-title":"GENEPOP (version 1.2): a population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism","volume":"86","author":"Raymond","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80197-3","article-title":"A simple model of host-parasite evolutionary relationships. Parasitism: Compromise or conflict?","volume":"152","author":"Renaud","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054414","article-title":"Biodiversity and evolution in host-parasite associations","volume":"5","author":"Renaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.1.10","article-title":"Transposable elements as population drive mechanisms: specification of critical parameter values","volume":"31","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02203-6","article-title":"Why should parasite resistance be costly?","volume":"19","author":"Rigby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/140.4.1413","article-title":"Testing heterozygote excess and deficiency","volume":"140","author":"Rousset","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R30","volume-title":"JMP User's Guide","author":"SAS","year":"1994"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1267","article-title":"Host-parasite coevolution in a multilocus gene-forgene system","volume":"267","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0659","article-title":"A model for the coevolution of resistance and virulence in coupled host-parasitoid interactions","volume":"266","author":"Sasaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1535-0_26","article-title":"RFLP analysis of insect genomes","volume-title":"The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors","author":"Severson","year":"1997"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.4.1711","article-title":"Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping of quantitative trait loci for malaria parasite susceptibility in the mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"139","author":"Severson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R35","first-page":"703","article-title":"Experimental evolution of resistance in Brassica rapa\u2014correlated response of tolerance in lines selected for glucosinolate content","volume":"52","author":"Stowe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.124","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus in western Kenya","volume":"43","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2307\/3283249","article-title":"Reinterpretation of the genetics of susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to Plasmodium gallinaceum","volume":"80","author":"Thathy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1999.820243.x","article-title":"Microbe-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a mechanism for introducing transgenes into arthropod populations","volume":"8","author":"Turelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0650","article-title":"Cost of resistance: relationship between reduced fertility and increased resistance in a snail-schistosome host-parasite system","volume":"266","author":"Webster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R40","volume-title":"Genetic Data Analysis","author":"Weir","year":"1990"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R41","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure","volume":"38","author":"Weir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022010520571523000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02431.x","article-title":"Costs and benefits of mosquito refractoriness to malaria parasites: implications for genetic variability of mosquitoes and genetic control of malaria","volume":"51","author":"Yan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution"}],"container-title":["Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/164\/2\/511\/42050435\/genetics0511.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/164\/2\/511\/42050435\/genetics0511.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T20:58:13Z","timestamp":1641416293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/164\/2\/511\/6050298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/164.2.511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]}}}