{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:21:05Z","timestamp":1790763665638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI132581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI132581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI143725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI143725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative"},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["DGE-144519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-144519"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship","award":["DBI-2010210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-2010210"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wolbachia are maternally transmitted, intracellular bacteria that can often selfishly spread through arthropod populations via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI manifests as embryonic death when males expressing prophage WO genes cifA and cifB mate with uninfected females or females harboring an incompatible Wolbachia strain. Females with a compatible cifA-expressing strain rescue CI. Thus, cif-mediated CI confers a relative fitness advantage to females transmitting Wolbachia. However, whether cif sequence variation underpins incompatibilities between Wolbachia strains and variation in CI penetrance remains unknown. Here, we engineer Drosophila melanogaster to transgenically express cognate and non-cognate cif homologs and assess their CI and rescue capability. Cognate expression revealed that cifA;B native to D. melanogaster causes strong CI, and cognate cifA;B homologs from two other Drosophila-associated Wolbachia cause weak transgenic CI, including the first demonstration of phylogenetic type 2 cifA;B CI. Intriguingly, non-cognate expression of cifA and cifB alleles from different strains revealed that cifA homologs generally contribute to strong transgenic CI and interchangeable rescue despite their evolutionary divergence, and cifB genetic divergence contributes to weak or no transgenic CI. Finally, we find that a type 1 cifA can rescue CI caused by a genetically divergent type 2 cifA;B in a manner consistent with unidirectional incompatibility. By genetically dissecting individual CI functions for type 1 and 2 cifA and cifB, this work illuminates new relationships between cif genotype and CI phenotype. We discuss the relevance of these findings to CI\u2019s genetic basis, phenotypic variation patterns, and mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaa007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T03:18:57Z","timestamp":1612754337000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The impacts of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (\n                    <i>cifA<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>cifB<\/i>\n                    ) genetic variation on phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"217","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4221-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Dylan","family":"Shropshire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2045-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7346-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth R","family":"Bordenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2018.12.004","article-title":"The toxin\u2013antidote model of cytoplasmic incompatibility: genetics and evolutionary implications","volume":"35","author":"Beckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2019.03.002","article-title":"Caution does not preclude predictive and testable models of cytoplasmic incompatibility: a reply to Shropshire","volume":"35","author":"Beckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.7","article-title":"A Wolbachia deubiquitylating enzyme induces cytoplasmic incompatibility","volume":"2","author":"Beckmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50026","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50026","article-title":"The Wolbachia cytoplasmic incompatibility enzyme CidB targets nuclear import and protamine-histone exchange factors","volume":"8","author":"Beckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaa006","article-title":"Genomic analysis of Wolbachia from Laodelphax striatellus (Delphacidae, Hemiptera) reveals insights into its \u201cJekyll and Hyde\u201d mode of infection pattern","author":"Bing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B7","article-title":"Culex pipiens crossing type diversity is governed by an amplified and polymorphic operon of Wolbachia","volume":"9","author":"Bonneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15252","article-title":"Variation in Wolbachia cidB gene, but not cidA, is associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility mod phenotype diversity in Culex pipiens","volume":"28","author":"Bonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"2021052019190059200_iyaa007-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13155","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13155","article-title":"Eukaryotic association module in phage WO genomes from Wolbachia","volume":"7","author":"Bordenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat 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