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We have analyzed a large number of cha-1 hypomorphic mutants, most of which are missense alleles. Some homozygous cha-1 mutants have approximately normal ChAT immunoreactivity; many other alleles lead to consistent reductions in synaptic immunostaining, although the residual protein appears to be stable. Regardless of protein levels, neuromuscular function of almost all mutants is temperature-sensitive, i.e., neuromuscular function is worse at 25\u00b0 than at 14\u00b0. We show that the temperature effects are not related to acetylcholine release, but specifically to alterations in acetylcholine synthesis. This is not a temperature-dependent developmental phenotype, because animals raised at 20\u00b0 to young adulthood and then shifted for 2\u2009h to either 14\u00b0 or 25\u00b0 had swimming and pharyngeal pumping rates similar to animals grown and assayed at either 14\u00b0 or 25\u00b0, respectively. We also show that the temperature-sensitive phenotypes are not limited to missense alleles; rather, they are a property of most or all severe cha-1 hypomorphs. We suggest that our data are consistent with a model of ChAT protein physically, but not covalently, associated with synaptic vesicles; and there is a temperature-dependent equilibrium between vesicle-associated and cytoplasmic (i.e., soluble) ChAT. Presumably, in severe cha-1 hypomorphs, increasing the temperature would promote dissociation of some of the mutant ChAT protein from synaptic vesicles, thus removing the site of acetylcholine synthesis (ChAT) from the site of vesicular acetylcholine transport. This, in turn, would decrease the rate and extent of vesicle-filling, thus increasing the severity of the behavioral deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyab078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T13:43:34Z","timestamp":1621863814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i> acetylcholine synthesis mutants reveals a temperature-sensitive requirement for cholinergic neuromuscular function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"218","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7582-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet S","family":"Duerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Models of Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Models of Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Crowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Models of Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Models of Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, 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