{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T20:24:28Z","timestamp":1783196668612,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014988","name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014988","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["665385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["665385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101055327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101055327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evolution of sexual dimorphism (SD) (the difference in average trait values between females and males) is often thought to be constrained by shared genetic architecture between the sexes. Indeed, it is commonly expected that SD should negatively correlate with the intersex correlation (the genetic correlation between effects of segregating variants in females and males, rfm), either because (1) traits with ancestrally low rfm are less constrained in their ability to respond to sex-specific selection and thus evolve to be more dimorphic, or because (2) sex-specific selection, driving sexual dimorphism evolution, also acts to reduce rfm. Despite the intuitive appeal and prominence of these ideas, their generality and the conditions in which they hold remain unclear. Here, we develop models incorporating sex-specific stabilizing selection, mutation, and genetic drift to examine the relationship between rfm and SD. We show that the two commonly-discussed mechanisms with the potential to generate a negative correlation between SD and rfm could just as easily generate a positive association, since the standard line of reasoning hinges on a hidden assumption that sex-specific adaptation more frequently favors increased dimorphism than reduced dimorphism. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first mechanistic framework for understanding the conditions under which a correlation between rfm and SD may arise and offer a compelling explanation for inconsistent empirical evidence. We also make the intriguing observation that\u2014even when selection between the two sexes is identical\u2014drift generates nonzero SD. We quantify this effect and discuss its significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T18:29:25Z","timestamp":1755800965000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relationship between sexual dimorphism and intersex correlation: do models support intuition?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Puixeu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Klosterneuburg 3400 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4445-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Katherine","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Klosterneuburg 3400 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.2010.23.issue-9","article-title":"Sexual conflict in wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"23","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00381.x","article-title":"Constraints on the evolution of males and sexual dimorphism: field estimates of genetic architecture of reproductive traits in three populations of gynodioecious Fragaria virginiana","volume":"57","author":"Ashman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800815","article-title":"Genetic constraints on floral evolution: a review and evaluation of patterns","volume":"96","author":"Ashman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899","article-title":"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?","volume":"12","author":"Bachtrog","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.2010.64.issue-9","article-title":"A test of the conjecture that G-matrices are more stable than B-matrices","volume":"64","author":"Barker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16062","article-title":"Sex-dependent dominance at a single locus maintains variation in age at maturity in salmon","volume":"528","author":"Barson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/124.3.773","article-title":"Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation","volume":"124","author":"Barton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2017.06.001","article-title":"The infinitesimal model: definition, derivation, and implications","volume":"118","author":"Barton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300026951","article-title":"Adaptive landscapes, genetic distance and the evolution of quantitative characters","volume":"49","author":"Barton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genet Res"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/72.3.475","article-title":"A study of the genetic basis of the sexual dimorphism for wing length in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"72","author":"Bird","year":"1972","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01489.x","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and adaptive speciation: two sides of the same ecological coin","volume":"57","author":"Bolnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.v267:5","article-title":"Convergent evolution of sexual shape dimorphism in Diptera","volume":"267","author":"Bonduriansky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.12.005","article-title":"Intralocus sexual conflict","volume":"24","author":"Bonduriansky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01066.x","article-title":"Intralocus sexual conflict and the genetic architecture of sexually dimorphic traits in Prochyliza xanthostoma (Diptera: Piophilidae)","volume":"59","author":"Bonduriansky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/138.3.901","article-title":"On the distribution of the mean and variance of a quantitative trait under mutation-selection-drift balance","volume":"138","author":"B\u00fcrger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.2307\/2409390","article-title":"How much heritable variation can be maintained in finite populations by mutation\u2013selection balance?","volume":"43","author":"B\u00fcrger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B17","author":"Cai","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2008.117","article-title":"Body size in Drosophila: genetic architecture, allometries and sexual dimorphism","volume":"102","author":"Carreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.201","article-title":"How does the strength of selection influence genetic correlations?","volume":"4","author":"Chantepie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol Lett"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1086\/710353","article-title":"Predicting multivariate responses of sexual dimorphism to direct and indirect selection","volume":"196","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00244.x","article-title":"Signal trait sexual dimorphism and mutual sexual selection in Drosophila serrata","volume":"57","author":"Chenoweth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2307\/2408790","article-title":"The quantitative assessment of phylogenetic constraints in comparative analyses: sexual dimorphism in body weight among primates","volume":"39","author":"Cheverud","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d200908","article-title":"Convergent evolution of sexual dimorphism in species of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera)","volume":"20","author":"Chursina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biodivers J Biol Diversity"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.123729","article-title":"The resolution of sexual antagonism by gene duplication","volume":"187","author":"Connallon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.165605","article-title":"Balancing selection in species with separate sexes: insights from Fisher\u2019s geometric model","volume":"197","author":"Connallon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20132123","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2123","article-title":"Evolutionary inevitability of sexual antagonism","volume":"281","author":"Connallon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.2012.66.issue-11","article-title":"Quantitative genetic approaches to evolutionary constraint: how useful?","volume":"66","author":"Conner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/119.2.421","article-title":"Quantitative genetics of Drosophila melanogaster. II. heritabilities and genetic correlations between sexes for head and thorax traits","volume":"119","author":"Cowley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1086\/595841","article-title":"Sexually antagonistic selection, sexual dimorphism, and the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict","volume":"173","author":"Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1086\/690105","article-title":"Hormonally mediated increases in sex-biased gene expression accompany the breakdown of between-sex genetic correlations in a sexually dimorphic lizard","volume":"189","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01048.x","article-title":"The genomic architecture of sexual dimorphism in the dioecious plant silene latifolia","volume":"64","author":"Delph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.2004.6.issue-6","article-title":"Investigating the independent evolution of the size of floral organs via G-matrix estimation and artificial selection","volume":"6","author":"Delph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.2011.65.issue-10","article-title":"Elimination of a genetic correlation between the sexes via artificial correlational selection","volume":"65","author":"Delph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.134981.111","article-title":"Sex-biased genetic effects on gene regulation in humans","volume":"22","author":"Dimas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9721015","article-title":"Selection for sexual dimorphism in body weight of mice","volume":"25","author":"Eisen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199208784.001.0001","volume-title":"Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism","author":"Fairbairn","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B37","volume-title":"The genetical theory of natural selection","author":"Fisher","year":"1958","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9681215","article-title":"Sex and selection for a quantitative character in Drosophila. I. Single-sex selection","volume":"21","author":"Frankham","year":"1968","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9681225","article-title":"Sex and selection for a quantitative character in Drosophila. II. The sex dimorphism","volume":"21","author":"Frankham","year":"1968","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst121","article-title":"The shared genome is a pervasive constraint on the evolution of sex-biased gene expression","volume":"30","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1953.24","article-title":"Reversal of a secondary sex character by selection","volume":"7","author":"Harrison","year":"1953","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66697","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66697","article-title":"Polygenic adaptation after a sudden change in environment","volume":"11","author":"Hayward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa329","article-title":"Predicting the evolution of sexual dimorphism in gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Houle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx240","article-title":"Modes of rapid polygenic adaptation","volume":"34","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00583.x","article-title":"Stability of the G-matrix in a population experiencing pleiotropic mutation, stabilizing selection, and genetic drift","volume":"57","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01530-z","article-title":"Rapid evolution of sexual size dimorphism facilitated by Y-linked genetic variance","volume":"5","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/85.1.171","article-title":"Regions of stable equilibria for models of differential selection in the two sexes under random mating","volume":"85","author":"Kidwell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2307\/2407703","article-title":"Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution","volume":"30","author":"Lande","year":"1976","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2307\/2407380","article-title":"Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain: body size allometry","volume":"33","author":"Lande","year":"1979","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2307\/2407393","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters","volume":"34","author":"Lande","year":"1980","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B51","volume-title":"Sexual selection: testing the alternatives: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Sexual Selection: Testing the Alternatives","author":"Lande","year":"1987"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2307\/2408842","article-title":"The measurement of selection on correlated characters","volume":"37","author":"Lande","year":"1983","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859931","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.859931","article-title":"Substantial but misunderstood human sexual dimorphism results mainly from sexual selection on males and natural selection on females","volume":"13","author":"Lassek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2010.104","article-title":"Genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus","volume":"106","author":"Leinonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177","article-title":"Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology","volume":"518","author":"Locke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B56","first-page":"269","article-title":"A review of techniques for quantifying sexual size dimorphism","volume":"56","author":"Lovich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Growth Dev Aging"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B57","volume-title":"Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits","author":"Lynch","year":"1998","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-156","article-title":"Experimental mutation-accumulation on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster reveals stronger selection on males than females","volume":"11","author":"Mallet","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-016-0006","article-title":"The transcriptional architecture of phenotypic dimorphism","volume":"1","author":"Mank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00945.x","article-title":"Genetic correlations do not constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the moss Ceratodon purpureus","volume":"59","author":"McDaniel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esz031","article-title":"Sex-specific selection and the evolution of between-sex genetic covariance","volume":"110","author":"McGlothlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-8-r79","article-title":"Sex-specific expression of alternative transcripts in Drosophila","volume":"7","author":"McIntyre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0023-0","article-title":"The evolution of sex differences in disease","volume":"6","author":"Morrow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.2013.6.issue-8","article-title":"Implications of sex-specific selection for the genetic basis of disease","volume":"6","author":"Morrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpad231","article-title":"Polygenic response of sex chromosomes to sexual antagonism","volume":"78","author":"Muralidhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba3066","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3066","article-title":"The impact of sex on gene expression across human tissues","volume":"369","author":"Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0308","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in birds: why are there so many different forms of dimorphism?","volume":"265","author":"Owens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2013.3.issue-6","article-title":"Two sexes, one genome: the evolutionary dynamics of intralocus sexual conflict","volume":"3","author":"Pennell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.2010.64.issue-1","article-title":"Sex-specific genetic variance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a systematic review of cross-sex genetic correlations","volume":"64","author":"Poissant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1086\/509941","article-title":"An evolutionary cost of separate genders revealed by male-limited evolution","volume":"169","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.1998.00380.x","article-title":"Evidence of genetic isolation between sexually monomorphic and sexually dimorphic traits in the water strider Aquarius remigis","volume":"81","author":"Preziosi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01168.x","article-title":"Allelic divergence precedes and promotes gene duplication","volume":"60","author":"Proulx","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.v224.3","article-title":"Variation in sexual dimorphism in a wind-pollinated plant: the influence of geographical context and life-cycle dynamics","volume":"224","author":"Puixeu","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20131552","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1552","article-title":"The evolution of genetic architectures underlying quantitative traits","volume":"280","author":"Rajon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.2307\/2410751","article-title":"Sexual size dimorphism as a correlated response to selection on body size: an empirical test of the quantitative genetic model","volume":"50","author":"Reeve","year":"1996","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2001.00276.x","article-title":"Predicting the evolution of sexual size dimorphism","volume":"14","author":"Reeve","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00005.x","article-title":"Sex-limited mutations and the evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"54","author":"Rhen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2307\/2408385","article-title":"Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"38","author":"Rice","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2001.00319.x","article-title":"Intersexual ontogenetic conflict","volume":"14","author":"Rice","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021205130926","article-title":"The evolution of hybrid infertility: perpetual coevolution between gender-specific and sexually antagonistic genes","volume":"116","author":"Rice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707227114","article-title":"Evidence of directional and stabilizing selection in contemporary humans","volume":"115","author":"Sanjak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672398003231","article-title":"Linkage and the maintenance of variation for quantitative traits by mutation-selection balance: an infinitesimal model","volume":"71","author":"Santiago","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genet Res (Camb)"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.2013.67.issue-4","article-title":"Male-biased fitness effects of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"67","author":"Sharp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2002985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2002985","article-title":"A population genetic interpretation of GWAS findings for human quantitative traits","volume":"16","author":"Simons","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"msad091","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad091","article-title":"Two forms of sexual dimorphism in gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster: their coincidence and evolutionary genetics","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02360","article-title":"Beauty in the eye of the beholder: the two blue opsins of lycaenid butterflies and the opsin gene-driven evolution of sexually dimorphic eyes","volume":"209","author":"Sison-Mangus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esq011","article-title":"Resolving intralocus sexual conflict: genetic mechanisms and time frame","volume":"101","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0613-4","article-title":"Arrest of sex-specific adaptation during the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Drosophila","volume":"2","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0590","article-title":"Intralocus sexual conflict over human height","volume":"8","author":"Stulp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(84)90017-0","article-title":"Heritable genetic variation via mutation-selection balance: Lerch\u2019s zeta meets the abdominal bristle","volume":"25","author":"Turelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/111.1.165","article-title":"Effects of pleiotropy on predictions concerning mutation-selection balance for polygenic traits","volume":"111","author":"Turelli","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2687","article-title":"Genetic and molecular insights into the development and evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3097","article-title":"Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height","volume":"46","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012318","article-title":"Evolution of sexually dimorphic characters in peccaries (Mammalia, Tayassuidae)","volume":"19","author":"Wright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982239","article-title":"The analysis of variance and the correlations between relatives with respect to deviations from an optimum","volume":"30","author":"Wright","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Genet"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.2013.26.issue-10","article-title":"A multivariate view of the evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"26","author":"Wyman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200504","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0504","article-title":"How does genetic architecture affect eco-evolutionary dynamics? A theoretical perspective","volume":"377","author":"Yamamichi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00584.x","article-title":"Multivariate stabilizing selection and pleiotropy in the maintenance of quantitative genetic variation","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2023.100297","article-title":"Amplification is the primary mode of gene-by-sex interaction in complex human traits","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"2025112406271688600_iyaf175-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-008-0062-y","article-title":"Potential constraints on evolution: sexual dimorphism and the problem of protandry in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana","volume":"87","author":"Zwaan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Genet"}],"container-title":["GENETICS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf175\/64104442\/iyaf175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/231\/3\/iyaf175\/64104442\/iyaf175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/231\/3\/iyaf175\/64104442\/iyaf175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:27:26Z","timestamp":1763983646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf175\/8239415"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"G","family":"Coop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"article-number":"iyaf175"}}