{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:32:51Z","timestamp":1776155571182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00GM107345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00GM107345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM138701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM138701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM158317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM158317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) are associated with many epithelia and often form a protective layer against biotic and abiotic threats in the environment. Despite their importance, we lack a deep understanding of their structure and dynamics in development and disease. Caenorhabditis elegans molting offers a powerful entry point to understanding developmentally programmed aECM remodeling. Here, we show that the poorly characterized putative protease inhibitor gene mlt-11 is directly regulated by the NHR-23 transcription factor. We identify key cis-regulatory elements required for robust mlt-11 expression. An internal MLT-11::mNeonGreen translational fusion transiently localized to the aECM in the cuticle and embryo. MLT-11::mNeonGreen also lined openings to the exterior (vulva, rectum, and mouth). mlt-11 is necessary to pattern all layers of the adult cuticle, and reduction of MLT-11 levels disrupted the barrier function of the cuticle. Deletion of conserved Kunitz protease inhibitor domains or intervening sequences produced a range of defects including either left or right roller phenotypes and small separations of the cuticle along the length of the animal (microblisters). MLT-11 is processed into at least 2 fragments, and internal and C-terminal mNeonGreen knock-ins display distinct localization patterns. Predicted mlt-11 null mutations caused fully penetrant embryonic lethality and elongation defects. Together, this work suggests that MLT-11 localizes similarly to precuticle components, and conserved sequences play distinct roles in promoting proper assembly of the aECM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:09:49Z","timestamp":1765368589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Roles and regulation of the Kunitz domain protein MLT-11 during\n                    <i>C. elegans<\/i>\n                    cuticle synthesis and molting"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Matthew","family":"Ragle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariela","family":"Turzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An A","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian T","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3920-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keya","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max T","family":"Levenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5070-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex D","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan D","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, 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