{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1784953034725,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP 19K06780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 19K06780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP24K09544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K09544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NBRP Core Facility Upgrading and Fundamental Technology Upgrading Programs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sperm display remarkable diversity in size and morphology, especially in insects. Sperm length varies by several hundred-fold within Drosophila alone. In the model species Drosophila melanogaster, sperm are approximately 1.7 times longer than those of its close relatives Drosophila simulans and Drosophila mauritiana. However, the developmental mechanisms underlying such rapid divergence in sperm traits remain poorly understood. Somatic hub and cyst cells are essential for the maintenance of germline stem cells in Drosophila spermatogenesis, yet their contribution to cell growth later in spermatogenesis remains unclear. Here, we used primordial germ cell (PGC) xenotransplantation to determine whether sperm length regulation is cell autonomous or influenced by the somatic environment of the testes. When D. simulans PGCs were transplanted into agametic D. melanogaster embryos, the resulting sperm were indistinguishable in length from those of D. simulans donor males and remained significantly shorter than the sperm of D. melanogaster males. Our results suggest that the dramatic diversification in sperm length shaped by postcopulatory sexual selection in the Drosophila lineage has been largely driven by cell-autonomous modifications in the germ line.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyag069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:21:37Z","timestamp":1773318097000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Germline and male somatic determinants of sperm length divergence in\n                    <i>Drosophila<\/i>\n                    : implications for postcopulatory sexual selection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Kaori","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KYOTO Drosophila Stock Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Kyoto 616-8354 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5591-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miho","family":"Asaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Takano-Shimizu-Kouno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KYOTO Drosophila Stock Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Kyoto 616-8354 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8585 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.086413","article-title":"Hedgehog is required for CySC self-renewal but does not contribute to the GSC niche in the Drosophila testis","volume":"140","author":"Amoyel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02692-z","article-title":"Offspring production from cryopreserved primordial germ cells in Drosophila","volume":"4","author":"Asaoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg774","article-title":"Postcopulatory sexual selection","volume":"3","author":"Birkhead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn024","article-title":"Divergence times in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila inferred from direct estimates of the neutral mutation rate","volume":"25","author":"Cutter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B5","first-page":"71","volume-title":"The development of Drosophila melanogaster","author":"Fuller","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.130922.111","article-title":"Genome sequencing reveals complex speciation in the Drosophila simulans clade","volume":"22","author":"Garrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.8.2437","article-title":"The germ line regulates somatic cyst cell proliferation and fate during Drosophila spermatogenesis","volume":"122","author":"G\u00f6nczy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111474109","article-title":"Female reproductive tract form drives the evolution of complex sperm morphology","volume":"109","author":"Higginson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009059108","article-title":"Resolving variation in the reproductive tradeoff between sperm size and number","volume":"108","author":"Immler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1997.58","article-title":"Genetic basis of sperm and testis length differences and epistatic effect on hybrid inviability and sperm motility between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia","volume":"78","author":"Joly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7322(94)90002-7","article-title":"Sperm length in Drosophilidae (Diptera): estimation by testis and receptacle lengths","volume":"23","author":"Joly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Insect Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01025","article-title":"Gbb\/Bmp signaling is essential for maintaining germline stem cells and for repressing bam transcription in the Drosophila testis","volume":"131","author":"Kawase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24395-z","article-title":"Large-scale characterization of sex pheromone communication systems in Drosophila","volume":"12","author":"Khallaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066707","article-title":"Stem cell self-renewal specified by JAK-STAT activation in response to a support cell cue","volume":"294","author":"Kiger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/35037606","article-title":"Somatic support cells restrict germline stem cell self-renewal and promote differentiation","volume":"407","author":"Kiger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/156.4.1913","article-title":"The population genetics of the origin and divergence of the Drosophila simulans complex species","volume":"156","author":"Kliman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.05.001","article-title":"Zfh-1 controls somatic stem cell self-renewal in the Drosophila testis and nonautonomously influences germline stem cell self-renewal","volume":"3","author":"Leatherman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2086","article-title":"Germline self-renewal requires cyst stem cells and stat regulates niche adhesion in Drosophila testes","volume":"12","author":"Leatherman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B19","first-page":"223","volume-title":"The genetics and biology of Drosophila","author":"Lindsley","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.06.059","article-title":"How multivariate ejaculate traits determine competitive fertilization success in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"22","author":"L\u00fcpold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12117","article-title":"Rapid diversification of sperm precedence traits and processes among three sibling Drosophila species","volume":"67","author":"Manier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1086\/671782","article-title":"An analytical framework for estimating fertilization bias and the fertilization set from multiple sperm-storage organs","volume":"182","author":"Manier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Nat."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.075242","article-title":"Hh signalling is essential for somatic stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila testis niche","volume":"139","author":"Michel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076968","article-title":"Sperm-female coevolution in Drosophila","volume":"298","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65985","DOI":"10.3791\/65985","article-title":"Primordial germ cell cryopreservation and revival of Drosophila strains","volume":"202","author":"Nishimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.016","article-title":"Sustained elongation of sperm tail promoted by local remodeling of giant mitochondria in Drosophila","volume":"21","author":"Noguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01844.x","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the sperm quality advantage in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"60","author":"Pattarini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1086\/285911","article-title":"Investment in testes and the cost of making long sperm in Drosophila","volume":"148","author":"Pitnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Nat."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B29","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Evolutionary behavioral ecology","author":"Pitnick","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372568-4.00003-3","volume-title":"Sperm biology: an evolutionary perspective","author":"Pitnick","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10614","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.23.10614","article-title":"Delayed male maturity is a cost of producing large sperm in Drosophila","volume":"92","author":"Pitnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04564.x","article-title":"Evolution of multiple kinds of female sperm-storage organs in Drosophila","volume":"53","author":"Pitnick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2000.00679.x","article-title":"Correlated response in reproductive and life history traits to selection on testis length in Drosophila hydei","volume":"84","author":"Pitnick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/375109a0","article-title":"How long is a giant sperm?","volume":"375","author":"Pitnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372568-4.00006-9","volume-title":"Sperm biology: an evolutionary perspective","author":"Pizzari","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.06.048","article-title":"Antagonistic roles of Rac and Rho in organizing the germ cell microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Sarkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.19.4523","article-title":"Signaling from germ cells mediated by the rhomboid homolog stet organizes encapsulation by somatic support cells","volume":"129","author":"Schulz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2003.10.063","article-title":"Regulation of stem cell maintenance and transit amplifying cell proliferation by TGF-\u03b2 signaling in Drosophila spermatogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Shivdasani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B39","volume-title":"Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects","author":"Simmons","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70112-5","article-title":"Only long sperm are fertilization-competent in six sperm-heteromorphic Drosophila species","volume":"8","author":"Snook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02587-2","article-title":"Genomics of a sexually selected sperm ornament and female preference in Drosophila","volume":"9","author":"Syed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(75)80089-X","article-title":"Dynamics of spermiogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. VI. Significance of \u201conion\u201d nebenkern formation","volume":"53","author":"Tokuyasu","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Ultrastruct Res."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/35037613","article-title":"Somatic control over the germline stem cell lineage during Drosophila spermatogenesis","volume":"407","author":"Tran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066700","article-title":"Control of stem cell self-renewal in Drosophila spermatogenesis by JAK-STAT signaling","volume":"294","author":"Tulina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.29","article-title":"Dual roles of Hh signaling in the regulation of somatic stem cell self-renewal and germline stem cell maintenance in Drosophila testis","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"2026050609293461900_iyag069-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.21380","article-title":"The Drosophila cyst stem cell lineage","volume":"2","author":"Zoller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"}],"container-title":["GENETICS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyag069\/67316367\/iyag069.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/233\/1\/iyag069\/67316367\/iyag069.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/233\/1\/iyag069\/67316367\/iyag069.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:29:42Z","timestamp":1778074182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyag069\/8516363"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D","family":"Barbash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyag069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"article-number":"iyag069"}}