{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:49:34Z","timestamp":1785937774858,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM121688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM121688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2308465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2308465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#RGPIN-2018-0668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#RGPIN-2018-0668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Caenorhabditis nematodes provide 3 natural experiments in which a male\/female species evolved to produce 1 with males and self-fertile hermaphrodites. Such changes in mating systems are among the most complex and consequential transformations to occur in evolution and provide excellent models for evolutionary change. Studies of Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae have shown that each species followed a different path to self-fertility, in part by altering 1 of 2 alternate branches of the sex-determination pathway, and in part by recruiting unique modifier genes. Here we examine sex-determination in a third hermaphroditic species, Caenorhabditis tropicalis. Several illuminating results stand out. First, although the core genes of the sex-determination pathway act in the same order in the soma of these 3 species, C. tropicalis differs from all Caenorhabditis species previously studied in some aspects of somatic development\u2014tra-2 XX mutants resemble tra-1 XX mutants instead of differing in tail development, and neither gene regulates key aspects of male behavior that are controlled by the sex-determination pathway in other species. Second, the control of germ cell fates in C. tropicalis follows a simple linear process not seen in either C. elegans or C. briggsae. Third, genetic epistasis suggests that the decision to produce sperm and then oocytes in XX hermaphrodites is made at the level of tra-2 in all 3 species, implying that this gene might occupy a place uniquely sensitive to regulatory change. These results, when considered alongside those from other Caenorhabditis species, help elucidate how genetic pathways change during natural selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyag145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:01:43Z","timestamp":1782000103000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Caenorhabditis tropicalis<\/i>\n                    followed a unique evolutionary path to self-fertility"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine , Stratford, NJ 08084 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montana","family":"Bobinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , T6G 2E9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumi","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine , Stratford, NJ 08084 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongquan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine , Stratford, NJ 08084 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine , Stratford, NJ 08084 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pilgrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , T6G 2E9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4027-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald E","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine , Stratford, NJ 08084 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176013","article-title":"Mutations in two independent pathways are sufficient to create hermaphroditic nematodes","volume":"326","author":"Baldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.07.034","article-title":"A bias caused by ectopic development produces sexually dimorphic sperm in nematodes","volume":"21","author":"Baldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.78.1","volume-title":"The C. elegans research community","author":"Barr","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/115.1.107","article-title":"Gain-of-function mutations of fem-3, a sex-determination gene in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"115","author":"Barton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.12.013","article-title":"Ubiquitous selfish toxin-antidote elements in Caenorhabditis species","volume":"31","author":"Ben-David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.04.018","article-title":"The early origin of feathers","volume":"34","author":"Benton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17912\/micropub.biology.000900","article-title":"A dominant dpy-10 co-transformation marker using CRISPR\/Cas9 and a linear repair template in Caenorhabditis tropicalis","volume":"2023","author":"Bobinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"MicroPubl Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.14.3119","article-title":"TRA-1A regulates transcription of fog-3, which controls germ cell fate in C. elegans","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.24.5265","article-title":"FOG-2, a novel F-box containing protein, associates with the GLD-1 RNA binding protein and directs male sex determination in the C. elegans hermaphrodite germline","volume":"127","author":"Clifford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D850","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad887","article-title":"CaeNDR, the Caenorhabditis natural diversity resource","volume":"52","author":"Crombie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B11","volume-title":"On the origin of species by means of natural selection, of the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life","author":"Darwin","year":"1859"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/144.2.587","article-title":"Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences","volume":"144","author":"De Bono","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(84)90077-0","article-title":"A sex-determining gene, fem-1, required for both male and hermaphrodite development in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"106","author":"Doniach","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22668","article-title":"\u201cThe persistence of memory\u201d-hermaphroditism in nematodes","volume":"84","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000520872","article-title":"Sex determination in nematode germ cells","volume":"16","author":"Ellis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-62","article-title":"The evolutionary origins and consequences of self-fertility in nematodes","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.04.005","article-title":"The regulation of spermatogenesis and sperm function in nematodes","volume":"29","author":"Ellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.93.2","volume-title":"The C. elegans research community","author":"Fay","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.2.607","article-title":"Analysis of the multiple roles of gld-1 in germline development: interactions with the sex determination cascade and the glp-1 signaling pathway","volume":"139","author":"Francis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.4.1.S40","article-title":"On beyond classic RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends)","volume":"4","author":"Frohman","year":"1994","journal-title":"PCR Methods Appl"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82144","volume-title":"Studies on the structure & development of vertebrates","author":"Goodrich","year":"1930"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003850","article-title":"Evolutionary change within a bipotential switch shaped the sperm\/oocyte decision in hermaphroditic nematodes","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.09.042","article-title":"Independent recruitment of F box genes to regulate hermaphrodite development during nematode evolution","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iyae207","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyae207","article-title":"Robust sex determination in the Caenorhabditis nigoni germ line","volume":"229","author":"Harbin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17912\/micropub.biology.000968","article-title":"Efficient production of CRISPR\/Cas9 gene knockouts in the male\/female nematode Caenorhabditis nigoni","volume":"2023","author":"Harbin","year":"2023","journal-title":"MicroPubl Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2006.02.002","article-title":"Genetic flexibility in the convergent evolution of hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis nematodes","volume":"10","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2009.00340.x","article-title":"A sensitized genetic background reveals evolution near the terminus of the Caenorhabditis germline sex determination pathway","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/96.3.649","article-title":"More sex-determination mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"96","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/114.1.15","article-title":"Sex determination in the nematode C. elegans: analysis of tra-3 suppressors and characterization of fem genes","volume":"114","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/86.2.275","article-title":"Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"86","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.073668","article-title":"Comparative genetics of sex determination: masculinizing mutations in Caenorhabditis briggsae","volume":"178","author":"Kelleher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(84)90279-3","article-title":"Specification of male development in Caenorhabditis elegans: the fem genes","volume":"105","author":"Kimble","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-339","article-title":"A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits","volume":"11","author":"Kiontke","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.7.2089","article-title":"A novel regulatory mutation in the C. elegans sex determination gene tra-2 defines a candidate ligand\/receptor interaction site","volume":"122","author":"Kuwabara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-025-02642-6","article-title":"Origin and stepwise evolution of vertebrate lungs","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90242-2","article-title":"Sensory regulation of male mating behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2015.02.002","article-title":"Rapid RNA analysis of individual Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"2","author":"Ly","year":"2015","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12081","article-title":"The Loci of repeated evolution: a catalog of genetic hotspots of phenotypic variation","volume":"67","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01288","article-title":"TRA-1\/GLI controls development of somatic gonadal precursors in C. elegans","volume":"131","author":"Mathies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90128-C","article-title":"What was the evolutionary synthesis?","volume":"8","author":"Mayr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol (Amst)"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05988","article-title":"Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single gene","volume":"448","author":"Mcgregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.11.1453","article-title":"Negative regulation of male development in Caenorhabditis elegans by a protein-protein interaction between TRA-2A and FEM-3","volume":"13","author":"Mehra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90019-0","article-title":"xol-1: a gene that controls the male modes of both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in C. elegans","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12598","article-title":"The genetics of evolutionary radiations","volume":"95","author":"Naciri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030006","article-title":"fog-2 and the evolution of self-fertile hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis","volume":"3","author":"Nayak","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(78)90247-6","article-title":"Intersex, a temperature-sensitive mutant of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"66","author":"Nelson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002010","article-title":"A bow-tie genetic architecture for morphogenesis suggested by a genome-wide RNAi screen in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62587","article-title":"Selfing is the safest sex for Caenorhabditis tropicalis","volume":"10","author":"Noble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07933.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of tra-2, a sex determining gene in C. elegans","volume":"10","author":"Okkema","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/138.2.317","article-title":"Sequenced alleles of the Caenorhabditis elegans sex-determining gene her-1 include a novel class of conditional promoter mutations","volume":"138","author":"Perry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07155-z","article-title":"Selfish conflict underlies RNA-mediated parent-of-origin effects","volume":"628","author":"Pliota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21073","article-title":"Evolution of the morphological innovations of feathers","volume":"304","author":"Prum","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/119.1.43","article-title":"fog-2, a germ-line-specific sex determination gene required for hermaphrodite spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"119","author":"Schedl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"msae101","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae101","article-title":"Rewiring the sex-determination pathway during the evolution of self-fertility","volume":"41","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114108","article-title":"The Caenorhabditis Gli protein TRA-1 makes a transcriptional activator that promotes spermatogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.03.022","article-title":"Sex in flies: what \u2018body--mind\u2019 dichotomy?","volume":"306","author":"Shirangi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.8.901","article-title":"Proteolysis in Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination: cleavage of TRA-2A by TRA-3","volume":"14","author":"Sokol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2007.05.008","article-title":"A CUL-2 ubiquitin ligase containing three FEM proteins degrades TRA-1 to regulate C. elegans sex determination","volume":"13","author":"Starostina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.101.1","volume-title":"The C. elegans research community","author":"Stearnagle","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3483","article-title":"The genetic causes of convergent evolution","volume":"14","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(91)90090-S","article-title":"Sex-specific transcriptional regulation of the C. elegans sex-determining gene her-1","volume":"34","author":"Trent","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-142x.2001.003002109.x","article-title":"Developmental system drift and flexibility in evolutionary trajectories","volume":"3","author":"True","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icj048","article-title":"When males and hermaphrodites coexist: a review of androdioecy in animals","volume":"46","author":"Weeks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6888","article-title":"Co-option of alternate sperm activation programs in the evolution of self-fertile nematodes","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst213","article-title":"Rapid creation of forward-genetics tools for C. briggsae using TALENs: lessons for nonmodel organisms","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B66","volume-title":"The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","author":"Wood","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026080509264201800_iyag145-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.84.1","volume-title":"The C. elegans research community","author":"Zarkower","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["GENETICS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyag145\/68566296\/iyag145.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/233\/4\/iyag145\/68566296\/iyag145.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/233\/4\/iyag145\/68566296\/iyag145.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:26:49Z","timestamp":1785936409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyag145\/8712579"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D","family":"Greenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyag145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"article-number":"iyag145"}}