{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:56:36Z","timestamp":1793321796769,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AG045252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AG045252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24-AG057728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24-AG057728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AG057671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AG057671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pittsburgh Pepper Center","award":["P30-AG024827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AG024827"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging Research Training in Age-Related Cognitive Disorders Training","award":["T32-AG027668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-AG027668"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Aging Research Fellowship","award":["T32-AG000247 to B.M.C."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-AG000247 to B.M.C."]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Aging Training Program","award":["T32-AG000181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-AG000181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective measures of community mobility are advantageous for capturing movement outside the home. Compared with subjective, self-reported techniques, global positioning system (GPS) technologies leverage passive, real-time location data to reduce recall bias and increase measurement precision. We developed methods to quantify community mobility among community-dwelling older adults and assessed how GPS-derived indicators relate to clinical measures of physical and cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants (n\u00a0=\u00a0149; M \u00b1 standard deviation [SD]\u00a0=\u00a077.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.5\u00a0years) from the program to improve mobility in aging (PRIMA) study, a physical therapy intervention to improve walking ability, carried a GPS device for 7\u00a0days. Community mobility was characterized by assessing activity space, shape, duration, and distance. Associations between GPS-derived indicators and cognition and physical function were evaluated using Spearman correlations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In adjusted models, a larger activity space, greater duration (eg, time out-of-home), and greater distance traveled from home were correlated with better 6-Minute Walk Test performance (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.17\u20130.23, p\u2019s &amp;lt; .05). A\u00a0more circular activity shape was related to poorer performance on the Trail Making Test, Part A\u00a0(\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.18, p &amp;lt; .05). More time out-of-home and a larger activity space were correlated with faster times on the Trail Making Test, Part B (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.18 to \u22120.24, p\u2019s &amp;lt; .05). Community mobility measures were not associated with global cognition, skilled walking, or usual gait speed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GPS-derived community mobility indicators capture real-world activity among older adults and were correlated with clinical measures of executive function and walking endurance. These findings will guide the design of future interventions to promote community mobility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T10:59:10Z","timestamp":1662634750000},"page":"811-820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Using GPS Technologies to Examine Community Mobility in Older\u00a0Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breanna\u00a0M","family":"Crane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle\u00a0D","family":"Moored","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea\u00a0L","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle\u00a0C","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0001","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Occupational therapy practice framework: domain and process (3rd ed.)","volume":"68","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.1.7","article-title":"Dimensions of mobility: defining the complexity and difficulty associated with community mobility","volume":"7","author":"Patla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act."},{"issue":"32","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6732a3","article-title":"Prevalence of disabilities and health care access by disability status and type among adults\u2015United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Okoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnq013","article-title":"Mobility in older adults: a comprehensive framework","volume":"50","author":"Webber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264313497507","article-title":"Life-space mobility predicts nursing home admission over 6\u00a0years","volume":"25","author":"Sheppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Aging Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264313482489","article-title":"Mobility, disability, and social engagement in older adults","volume":"25","author":"Rosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Aging Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/38.1.101","article-title":"Conjugating the \u201ctenses\u201d of function: discordance among hypothetical, experimental, and enacted function in older adults","volume":"38","author":"Glass","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.11.010","article-title":"Self-reported versus GPS-derived indicators of daily mobility in a sample of healthy older adults","volume":"220","author":"Fillekes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0009","first-page":"68","article-title":"Mobility in community dwelling older adults: predicting successful mobility using an instrumented battery of novel measures","volume":"9","author":"McInnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.06.003","article-title":"Changes in objectively measured outdoor time and physical, psychological, and cognitive function among older adults with cognitive impairments","volume":"78","author":"Harada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464820979801","article-title":"GPS tracking technologies to measure mobility-related behaviors in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0012","first-page":"314","article-title":"The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination","volume":"48","author":"Teng","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105912","article-title":"Program to improve mobility in aging (PRIMA) study: methods and rationale of a task-oriented motor learning exercise program","volume":"89","author":"Brach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials."},{"issue":"6329","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6329.1607","article-title":"Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease","volume":"284","author":"Butland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res ed)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080121","article-title":"Walking skill can be assessed in older adults: validity of the Figure-of-8 Walk Test","volume":"90","author":"Hess","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0016","volume-title":"Manual of Directions and Scoring","author":"Army Individual Test Battery.","year":"1944"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-019-0181-0","article-title":"Towards a comprehensive set of GPS-based indicators reflecting the multidimensional nature of daily mobility for applications in health and aging research","volume":"18","author":"Fillekes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/04353684.1971.11879353","article-title":"The standard deviational ellipse; an updated tool for spatial description","volume":"53","author":"Yuill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Geogr Ann Ser B."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0019","first-page":"88","article-title":"Measuring geographic concentration by means of the standard deviational ellipse","volume":"32","author":"Lefever","year":"1926","journal-title":"AJS."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-4-24","article-title":"A suite of methods for representing activity space in a healthcare accessibility study","volume":"4","author":"Sherman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-51","article-title":"Generating GPS activity spaces that shed light upon the mobility habits of older adults: a descriptive analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hirsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.05.001","article-title":"Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Zenk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Place."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0023","author":"Esri Inc.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0024","first-page":"15","article-title":"What makes travel \u201clocal\u201d: defining and understanding local travel behaviour","volume":"5","author":"Manaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Transp Land Use."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0025","article-title":"ArcGIS Pro Python Reference (computer program)."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0026","article-title":"ArcGIS Pro (Version 2.7;","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0027","volume-title":"Map Projections: A\u00a0Working Manual","author":"Snyder","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0028","author":"United States Census Bureau.","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0029","author":"Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0030","volume-title":"Map Projections Used by the US Geological Survey","author":"Snyder","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0031","author":"Esri Inc.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr515oa","article-title":"Co-morbidity adjustment for functional outcomes in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"16","author":"Rigler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0033","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 14","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S151085","article-title":"Actigraphy-based sleep estimation in adolescents and adults: a comparison with polysomnography using two scoring algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Quante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62821-2","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of raw and epoch non-wear algorithms using multiple accelerometers and electrocardiogram recordings","volume":"10","author":"Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001366","article-title":"Introduction: a life course perspective on activity and neurocognitive health","volume":"17","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0135308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135308","article-title":"Moving through life-space areas and objectively measured physical activity of older people","volume":"10","author":"Portegijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53103.x","article-title":"Just\u00a0get\u00a0out\u00a0the door! Importance of walking outside the home for maintaining mobility: findings from the Women\u2019s Health and Aging Study","volume":"53","author":"Simonsick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.12.007","article-title":"Contributions of cognitive function to straight-and curved-path walking in older adults","volume":"93","author":"Lowry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"issue":"17","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2018","article-title":"Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability","volume":"295","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-1431-5","article-title":"Modifiable factors related to life-space mobility in community-dwelling older adults: results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"20","author":"Kuspinar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0042","first-page":"1","article-title":"The association of mobility determinants and life space among older adults","author":"Dunlap","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A\u00a0Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.25.3.245","article-title":"The National Institute on Aging Health Disparities Research Framework","volume":"25","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1618928","article-title":"Location monitoring of physical activity and participation in community dwelling older people: a scoping review","volume":"43","author":"Gough","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.02.004","article-title":"How many days of global positioning system (GPS) monitoring do you need to measure activity space environments in health research?","volume":"51","author":"Zenk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023051108491176100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020563","article-title":"How long should GPS recording lengths be to capture the community mobility of an older clinical population? A\u00a0Parkinson\u2019s example","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors."}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gerona\/glac185\/46396651\/glac185.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article-pdf\/78\/5\/811\/50275314\/glac185.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article-pdf\/78\/5\/811\/50275314\/glac185.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T09:40:55Z","timestamp":1683798055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article\/78\/5\/811\/6693978"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lewis\u00a0A","family":"Lipsitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glac185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5006","1758-535X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5006","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-535X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}