{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:00:37Z","timestamp":1753876837528,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG051635","RF1AG057532","R01AG058679","R01AG073627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG051635","RF1AG057532","R01AG058679","R01AG073627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examined the relation between declines in physical and cognitive performance in older people.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A population-based cohort of 7\u00a0483 adults (average age 72 years) were interviewed. Physical performance was assessed with 3 standardized tests and a combination of 4 cognitive tests was used to assess cognitive function. Rate of change in physical and cognitive performance was determined for each interval between interviews. In mixed effects linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, and study time, and change in each factor was used to predict change in the other factor. We examined time associations by using changes in the predictor measured at 1, 2, or 3 intervals before the outcome change.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Decline in cognitive function was most strongly predicted by physical decline in the same 3-year interval. The decline in cognitive function was weaker in the 1-time interval after the decline in physical function and was not significant in later intervals. When a decline in cognitive function was used to predict a decline in physical function, the results were similar. The strongest association occurred in the same time interval so that declines in cognitive and physical performance tend to occur together.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Decline in cognition and physical function seem to occur together in a short timeframe. It is important to investigate the reasons for these changes that are short-term to guide the development of interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T14:23:36Z","timestamp":1702218216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Temporal Patterns of Change in Physical and Cognitive Performance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaja","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Halloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin R","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumar B","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis , Davis, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis A","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0001","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Associations of gait speed and other measures of physical function with cognition in a healthy cohort of elderly persons","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0002","first-page":"M523","article-title":"Low cognitive performance, comorbid disease, and task-specific disability: findings from a nationally representative survey","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Blaum","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0003","first-page":"62","article-title":"Predicting everyday functional abilities of dementia patients with the mini-mental state examination","volume-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.","author":"Razani","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0004","first-page":"168","article-title":"Characterizing multiple memory deficits and their relation to everyday functioning in individuals with mild cognitive impairment","volume-title":"Neuropsychology.","author":"Schmitter-Edgecombe","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0005","first-page":"8","article-title":"Association between physical and cognitive function in healthy elderly: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study","volume-title":"Neuroepidemiology.","author":"Rosano","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0006","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Performance-based physical function and future dementia in older people","volume-title":"Arch Intern Med.","author":"Wang","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0007","first-page":"248","article-title":"Physical frailty is associated with incident mild cognitive impairment in community-based older persons","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Boyle","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0008","first-page":"156","article-title":"Gait speed predicts decline in attention and psychomotor speed in older adults: the Health Aging and Body Composition Study","volume-title":"Neuroepidemiology.","author":"Inzitari","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0009","first-page":"859","article-title":"Handgrip strength and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Alfaro-Acha","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0010","first-page":"601","article-title":"Independent predictors of cognitive decline in healthy elderly persons","volume-title":"Arch Neurol.","author":"Marquis","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0011","first-page":"e0119075","article-title":"Predicting cognitive function from clinical measures of physical function and health status in older adults","volume-title":"PLoS One.","author":"Bolandzadeh","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0012","first-page":"1058","article-title":"A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the relationship between walking speed and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly people","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Soumar\u00e9","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0013","first-page":"20","article-title":"Association of cognitive status with functional limitation and disability in older adults","volume-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res.","author":"Lee","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0014","first-page":"445","article-title":"Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review","volume-title":"Soc Sci Med.","author":"Stuck","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0015","first-page":"99","article-title":"Baseline cognitive function predicts rate of decline in basic-care abilities of individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type","volume-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsych.","author":"Atchison","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0016","first-page":"1966","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and 10-year trajectories of disability in the Iowa established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly cohort","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Purser","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0017","first-page":"837","article-title":"Impaired attention predicts motor performance decline in older community-dwellers with normal baseline mobility: results from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA)","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Inzitari","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0018","first-page":"218","article-title":"Global cognition predicts the incidence of poor physical performance among older adults: a cross-national study","volume-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int","author":"Dansereau","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0019","first-page":"446","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in memory and executive functioning are associated with longitudinal change in instrumental activities of daily living in older adults","volume-title":"Clin Neuropsychol.","author":"Farias","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0020","first-page":"546","article-title":"Dynamic links between memory and functional limitations in old age: longitudinal evidence for age-based structural dynamics from the AHEAD Study","volume-title":"Psychol Aging.","author":"Infurna","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0021","first-page":"250","article-title":"Cognitive functioning is related to physical functioning in a longitudinal study of women at midlife","volume-title":"Gerontology.","author":"Ford","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0022","first-page":"346","article-title":"Declining executive control in normal aging predicts change in functional status: the Freedom House Study","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Royall","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0023","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Predictors of combined cognitive and physical decline","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Atkinson","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0024","first-page":"M228","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive and physical performance: MacArthur studies of successful aging","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Tabbarah","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0025","first-page":"300","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive function and physical performance in older women: results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Memory Study","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Atkinson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0026","first-page":"i82","article-title":"Trajectories of physical function decline and psychological functioning: the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge)","volume-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.","author":"Payette","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0027","first-page":"468","article-title":"Physical and cognitive function in midlife: reciprocal effects? A 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II Study","volume-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health.","author":"Elovainio","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0028","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Motor slowing precedes cognitive impairment in the oldest old","volume-title":"Neurology.","author":"Camicioli","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0029","first-page":"349","article-title":"Design of the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP)","volume-title":"J Alzheimers Dis.","author":"Bienias","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0030","first-page":"S263","article-title":"Racial disparities in disability: recent evidence from self-reported and performance-based disability measures in a population-based study of older adults","volume-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci","author":"Mendes de Leon","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0031","first-page":"M85","article-title":"A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0032","first-page":"M3","article-title":"Are performance-based measures sufficiently reliable for use in multicenter trials","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Jette","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0033","first-page":"M295","article-title":"Reliability of physical performance and self-reported functional measures in an older population","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Tager","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0034","first-page":"167","article-title":"Use of brief cognitive tests to identify individuals in the community with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume-title":"Int J Neurosci.","author":"Albert","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.2.179","article-title":"Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Aging."},{"volume-title":"Symbol Digit Modalities Test Manual-Revised","year":"1982","author":"Smith","key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0036"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0037","first-page":"189","article-title":"\u201cMini-Mental State\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume-title":"J Psychiatr Res.","author":"Folstein","year":"1975"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0038","first-page":"P155","article-title":"Cognitive activity in older persons from a geographically defined population","volume-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.","author":"Wilson","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2307\/2529876","article-title":"Random-effects models for longitudinal data","volume":"38","author":"Laird","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0040","first-page":"66","article-title":"Grip strength and the risk of incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume-title":"Neuroepidemiology.","author":"Buchman","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0041","first-page":"929","article-title":"Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia","volume-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.","author":"Verghese","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0042","first-page":"245","article-title":"Does 8-foot walk time predict cognitive decline in older Mexicans Americans","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Alfaro-Acha","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0043","first-page":"796","article-title":"A prospective study of gait performance and subsequent cognitive decline in a general population of older Japanese","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0044","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Mild physical impairment predicts future diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Wilkins","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0045","first-page":"506","article-title":"Temporal relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive performance in oldest old people","volume-title":"Age Ageing.","author":"Taekema","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0046","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Predictors of functional change: a longitudinal study of nondemented people aged 65 and older","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Wang","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0047","first-page":"929","article-title":"Assessing the temporal relationship between cognition and gait: slow gait predicts cognitive decline in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Mielke","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0048","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Executive function, more than global cognition predicts functional decline and mortality in elderly women","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Johnson","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0049","first-page":"M638","article-title":"The hierarchy of functional loss associated with cognitive decline in older persons","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Njegovan","year":"2001"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0050","first-page":"274","article-title":"Frailty and cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies","volume-title":"Neuropsychol Rev.","author":"Robinson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0051","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Executive function, memory, and gait speed decline in well-functioning older adults","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Watson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0052","first-page":"844","article-title":"Cognitive function, gait speed decline, and comorbidities: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study","volume-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.","author":"Atkinson","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024022013303833600_CIT0053","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Cognitive and functional decline in adults aged 75 and older","volume-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc.","author":"Black","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gerona\/glad274\/54207184\/glad274.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article-pdf\/79\/3\/glad274\/56715735\/glad274.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article-pdf\/79\/3\/glad274\/56715735\/glad274.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T13:32:35Z","timestamp":1708435955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/gerona\/glad274\/7468507"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lewis A","family":"Lipsitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Medical Sciences Section)"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glad274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5006","1758-535X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1079-5006"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-535X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"article-number":"glad274"}}