{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:25:37Z","timestamp":1788931537710,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG078129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG078129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG067758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG067758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been growing interest in the interrelationship between age-related reductions in cognitive and motor function. To advance the understanding of this interrelationship, we sought to determine whether a mentally fatiguing task differentially effects hand grip motor function in older versus younger adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young (n\u2009=\u200910, 33\u2009\u00b1\u20093 years) and older adults (n\u2009=\u200915, 69\u2009\u00b1\u20093 years) free of overt neurological disease and who did not report chronic fatigue symptoms participated in two testing sessions. During both sessions, participants had their composite grip strength (GS) and their multifinger force deficit (MFFD) measured. The MFFD assays the degree of neural inactivation observed during a composite GS test. During one session participants completed a series of psychomotor vigilance tasks (PVT) to induce mental fatigue. The other session served as a control condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults exhibited an \u223c18% reduction in composite GS associated with mental effort, which was significantly greater than that observed in young adults. Indirect neural activation, assessed via the MFFD, was reduced by approximately 22% in older adults during mental effort, which was significantly greater than the reduction observed in young adults<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that mental exertion\/fatigue results in decreased composite GS and increasing impairments in neural activation in older adults. No effect on indices of neuromuscular performance were observed in young adults. These findings suggest that neural mechanisms are heavily involved in the regulation of composite GS, and that the relative contribution of neural and muscular mechanisms of handgrip strength are state dependent in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaf141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T07:59:12Z","timestamp":1751011152000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mental exertion causes impairments in multifinger force deficit during a handgrip strength task in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Narges","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Barzegarpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, L.A. Miller Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John\u2019s, Newfoundland and Labrador,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Kharazmi , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine at Ohio University , Athens, Ohio,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana","family":"Fayazmilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2008.157388","article-title":"Disability trends among older Americans: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004","volume":"100","author":"Seeman","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.8.829","article-title":"Dynapenia and aging: an update","volume":"67","author":"Manini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx245","article-title":"Associations of sarcopenia definitions, and their components, with the incidence of recurrent falling and fractures: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam","volume":"73","author":"Schaap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu011","article-title":"Grip strength cutpoints for the identification of clinically relevant weakness","volume":"69","author":"Alley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study","volume":"386","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.8.829","article-title":"Sarcopenia =\/= dynapenia","volume":"63","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02191.x","article-title":"Ageing, but not yet senescent, rats exhibit reduced muscle quality and sarcoplasmic reticulum function","volume":"201","author":"Russ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12238","article-title":"Skeletal muscle performance and ageing","volume":"9","author":"Tieland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1912052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12052","article-title":"Voluntary vs electrically stimulated activation in age-related muscle weakness","volume":"2","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv030","article-title":"Weaker seniors exhibit motor cortex hypoexcitability and impairments in voluntary activation","volume":"70","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4598(199907)22:7&lt;831::aid-mus4&gt;3.0.co;2-3","article-title":"Knee extensor strength, activation, and size in very elderly people following strength training","volume":"22","author":"Harridge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00434","article-title":"Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: could it be defined through increased five-times-sit-to-stand test time, rather than slow walking speed?","volume":"10","author":"Sekhon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000000717","article-title":"Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: multicountry prevalence and dementia risk","volume":"83","author":"Verghese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00426","article-title":"Differences in cognitive-motor interference in older adults while walking and performing a visual-verbal Stroop task","volume":"10","author":"Wollesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.16.4.588","article-title":"The \u201ccommon cause hypothesis\u201d of cognitive aging: evidence for not only a common factor but also specific associations of age with vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"16","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0882-7974.13.3.486","article-title":"Shared age-related influences on cognitive and noncognitive variables","volume":"13","author":"Salthouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x10000853","article-title":"Neural reuse: a fundamental organizational principle of the brain","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406294706","article-title":"Evolution of cognitive function via redeployment of brain areas","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040191","article-title":"The effect of mental fatigue on neuromuscular function is similar in young and older women","volume":"10","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4205-1","article-title":"Sex differences in arm muscle fatigability with cognitive demand in older adults","volume":"473","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261735","article-title":"Human evolution. Human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus","volume":"347","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab098","article-title":"Sarcopenia and neuroscience: learning to communicate","volume":"76","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.01.010","article-title":"What accounts for the association between grip strength and mental functioning in aging people?","volume":"138","author":"Carson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.10.008","article-title":"Cognitive task performance causes impaired maximum force production in human hand flexor muscles","volume":"89","author":"Bray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023","article-title":"Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health","volume":"71","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138108924827","article-title":"Inhibition of individual fingers during grip strength exertion","volume":"24","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ergonomics."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520280085020","article-title":"Fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Krupp","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1179-8326","article-title":"The effects of performing mental exertion during cycling exercise on fatigue indices","volume":"41","author":"Barzegarpoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/s0363-5023(84)80146-x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations","volume":"9","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17734","article-title":"The multifinger force deficit: a protocol to detect incipient cognitive decline","volume":"70","author":"Carson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-4115(08)62386-9","article-title":"Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research","volume":"52","author":"Hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Hart","year":"2006","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511401120","article-title":"The effect of exercise therapy on fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Andreasen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler J."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2018.47","article-title":"Decreased handgrip strength is associated with impairments in each autonomous living task for aging adults in the United States","volume":"8","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly169","article-title":"Do nationally representative cutpoints for clinical muscle weakness predict mortality? Results from 9 years of follow-up in the health and retirement study","volume":"74","author":"Duchowny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study","volume":"386","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.04.018","article-title":"Grip strength predicts cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and elderly persons","volume":"120","author":"Sasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M168","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.3.m168","article-title":"Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men","volume":"55","author":"Rantanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00298.x","article-title":"Muscle strength, disability and mortality","volume":"13","author":"Rantanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.10.016","article-title":"Weakness may have a causal association with early mortality in older Americans: a matched cohort analysis","volume":"21","author":"McGrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00650.2024","article-title":"Voluntary activation of maximal single and all finger power grip contractions","volume":"138","author":"Chauhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.10.004","article-title":"Supraspinal regulation of physical fatigue","volume":"36","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0028","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of mental fatigue.","volume":"25","author":"Ishii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21177","article-title":"Limitation of physical performance in a muscle fatiguing handgrip exercise is mediated by thalamo-insular activity","volume":"32","author":"Hilty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20534","article-title":"A dynamic network involving M1-S1, SII-insular, medial insular, and cingulate cortices controls muscular activity during an isometric contraction reaction time task","volume":"30","author":"Jouanin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070949","article-title":"Neural correlates of central inhibition during physical fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.033","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging correlates of mental fatigue induced by cognition among chronic fatigue syndrome patients and controls","volume":"36","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135462","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0028","article-title":"Increased posterior cingulate cortex blood flow in cancer-related fatigue","volume":"14","author":"Raizen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21230","article-title":"Span, CRUNCH, and beyond: working memory capacity and the aging brain","volume":"22","author":"Schneider-Garces","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120997109","article-title":"Neuronal adenosine release, and not astrocytic ATP release, mediates feedback inhibition of excitatory activity","volume":"109","author":"Lovatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R399","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00386.2002","article-title":"Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue","volume":"284","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2025081407262576900_glaf141-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03629-9","article-title":"The relationship between clinical measures of cognitive function and grip strength in healthy older adults","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gerona\/glaf141\/63606928\/glaf141.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article-pdf\/80\/8\/glaf141\/63606928\/glaf141.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article-pdf\/80\/8\/glaf141\/63606928\/glaf141.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T11:26:33Z","timestamp":1755170793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/gerona\/glaf141\/8176617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glaf141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-535X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-535X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"article-number":"glaf141"}}