{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1788782092636,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.82073407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.82073407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Graduate Research and Innovation Program","award":["Grant No. KYCX24_2079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. KYCX24_2079"]}]},{"name":"4th Priority Discipline Development Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["Jiangsu Education Department [2023] No. 11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Jiangsu Education Department [2023] No. 11"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientist Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 72404193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 72404193"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research (General Program) of Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","award":["No. JCYJ20240813143325033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JCYJ20240813143325033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frailty is associated with increased risks of disability, hospitalization, and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that the oral microbiome may influence frailty development, but population-based evidence is limited and causal relationships remain unclear. This study explored the link between oral bacteria and frailty, using genetic analysis to investigate causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 2696 adults aged \u226550\u2009years in NHANES 2009-2012. Oral microbiome diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Frailty was measured using a 36-item Frailty Index. Survey-weighted linear regression and restricted cubic spline models examined associations between 4 \u03b1-diversity indices and frailty. \u03b2-diversity was quantified using Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarities and compared by frailty status using PERMANOVA. Bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using GWAS data assessed causal relationships between taxa and frailty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower \u03b1-diversity across all 4 indices were associated with higher frailty scores (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.050). \u03b2-diversity differed by frailty (p\u2009=\u2009.001). MR analyses indicated that in saliva, Campylobacter_A, Saccharimonadaceae, and TM7x were protective, whereas Gemella was associated with increased frailty risk. In tongue samples, Saccharimonadaceae was a risk factor, while Fusobacterium, TM7x, and Solobacterium showed protective effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral microbiome diversity is inversely associated with frailty in U.S. adults, and MR analyses identify specific oral taxa potentially involved in frailty development. These findings provide population-level evidence and genetic support for the oral microbiome as a potential modifiable target to promote healthy aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glag079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T04:36:30Z","timestamp":1773981390000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral microbiome and frailty: insights from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009\u20132012 and Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4984-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University , New York, New York,","place":["United 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