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Air pollution is associated to several health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data of 62\u00a0098 participants from UK Biobank cohort and 3321 participants from West China Health and Aging Trend (WCHAT) cohort were subjected to cross-sectional analyses to evaluate the association between the investigating parameters, and prospective analyses were performed in the UK Biobank.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to ambient air pollution was significantly associated with increased risk of cognitive frailty in middle-aged and older adults. In the UK Biobank prospective analysis, exposures to NOx (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.23; p\u2009=\u2009.0357), nitrogen dioxide (HR 1.14, 95% CI, 1.00-1.30; p\u2009=\u2009.0428), and PM2.5 (HR 1.18, 95% CI, 1.04-1.34; p\u2009=\u2009.0091) were consistently associated with cognitive frailty. Cross-sectional analyses in the UK Biobank supported these findings, with additional positive associations observed for PM10 (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% CI, 1.00-1.05; p\u2009=\u2009.0374). In WCHAT cohort, ozone exposure showed the most consistent associations across exposure windows and models (3-year: OR 1.29, 95% CI, 1.14-1.45; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001; 5-year: OR 1.34, 95% CI, 1.20-1.50; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001). Additionally, PM2.5 exposure within the 1-year exposure window also demonstrated a statistically significant association (Q3: OR 1.53, 95% CI, 1.04-2.25; p\u2009=\u2009.0327). Stratified analyses suggested stronger associations among adults \u226560\u2009years, females, and overweight individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher air pollution levels were significantly associated with increased cognitive frailty risk, emphasizing on developing public health interventions to reduce air pollution exposure, especially among vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glag128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:07:25Z","timestamp":1778760445000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between air pollution and the risk of cognitive frailty: insights from two population-based studies in the United Kingdom and 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Chengdu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7749-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Melli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Institute for Translational Research, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , Bellinzona,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana , Lugano,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , Lugano,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jirong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West 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