{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:00:40Z","timestamp":1790236840467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG072448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG072448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AG049663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AG049663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG030153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG030153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mounting evidence points to the protective role of adult child education in older parents\u2019 health, including their risk of ADL and IADL difficulties. Yet, little is known whether this association varies cross-nationally due to contextual differences in intergenerational transfers, family dynamics, and other factors. This study examines the relationship between adult child education and parents\u2019 functional health outcomes across countries, using comparable population-based datasets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used harmonized data from seven population-based studies accessed through the Gateway to Global Aging Data. Our analytic sample included 88\u00a0683 adults 60\u2009years and older from 24 countries. We estimated and meta-analyzed associations between adult child education and respondents\u2019 (parents\u2019) difficulty with basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL and IADLs), controlling for respondents\u2019 own education and other sociodemographic characteristics. We also considered heterogeneity across parent and child demographics (eg, parent gender, child gender).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across all studies, each additional year of education averaged across adult children was associated with a 3% lower risk of difficulty with both ADLs (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.95, 0.98) and IADLs (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98). Statistical heterogeneity appeared to be driven by one study (eg, I2 = 78.94% when the study was included vs I2 = 0.04% when excluded). Results suggest limited heterogeneity across demographic subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u201cUpward\u201d intergenerational benefits of higher adult child education for parents\u2019 late-life ADL and IADL difficulties appear to be relatively consistent across a range of global settings. Further research is needed to uncover the mechanisms driving these cross-national associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glag210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:12:33Z","timestamp":1787926353000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-national comparison of the association between adult child educational attainment and older parents\u2019 functional health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Renata","family":"Flores Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9201-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirena","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6775-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Reum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Gerontology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092403321694800_glag210-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz007","article-title":"Living longer, with or without disability? 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