{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:07Z","timestamp":1792785907222,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gordie Howe CARES and the Evans Family Fund via the Hotchkiss Brain Institute","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k51z204","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCA527734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCA527734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive reserve (CR) is thought to buffer against the clinical manifestation of dementia, preserving cognitive function despite accumulating pathology. However, less is known about how CR relates to the capacity to independently perform activities of daily living (ADL), particularly among cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults. Here, we investigated this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline data from 1571 CU participants (mean age: 64.7\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6; 81.3% female) from the CAN-PROTECT study were analyzed. A composite CR score was derived from education, occupational complexity, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities. Functional ability was measured using the Standard Assessment of Global Everyday Activities (SAGEA) scale, capturing cognitive, applied cognitive, instrumental, and basic ADL, and mobility. Negative binomial models examined associations between CR and global and domain-specific ADL, adjusting for age, sex, cognition, behavior, and physical\/sensory limitations. Additional models tested the independent contribution of CR components to functional outcomes. Mediation analyses assessed the effect of CR on quality of life (QoL) through ADL abilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher CR was associated with lower global ADL impairment (count ratio = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.36-0.94, p\u2009=\u2009.027), driven by 49% less impairment in applied cognitive ADL (95% CI, 0.26-0.97, p\u2009=\u2009.038). Among CR domains, education showed the most consistent association with lower impairment across all ADL domains and was indirectly linked to better QoL through improved function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CR, particularly education, may play an important role in supporting functional abilities and QoL among CU older adults. Enhancing CR may be a promising avenue to promote functional independence and healthy aging, even in the absence of cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glag227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:13:05Z","timestamp":1789215185000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive reserve and everyday functioning in cognitively unimpaired older adults: evidence from the CAN-PROTECT study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ghahremani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan X","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Creese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London , 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Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahinoor","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101601415391400_glag227-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219","article-title":"Whitepaper: defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers 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