{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:55:00Z","timestamp":1781358900882,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AG054693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG054693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hearing impairment (HI) could be a risk factor for cognitive decline, but cognition could plausibly also affect psychoacoustic assessment of hearing with audiometry. We examined the temporal sequence of hearing and cognitive function among nondemented, community-dwelling older adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hearing and cognition were assessed between 2012 and 2015 and 2 years thereafter in 313 nondemented participants aged \u226560 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Poorer hearing was defined by pure-tone average of 0.5\u20134 kHz tones in the better-hearing ear. Cognitive measures with either visual or auditory inputs were Trail-making Test Part B; Digit Symbol Substitution Test; California Verbal Learning Test immediate recall, short delay, and long delay; Digit Span Forward\/Backward; Benton Visual Retention Test; and Mini-Mental State Examination. We used linear regression models for cross-sectional associations at each timepoint and autoregressive, cross-lagged models to evaluate whether baseline hearing impairment (Time 1) predicted cognitive performance 2 years after baseline (Time 2) and vice versa.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectionally, there were no associations between poorer hearing and cognitive performance. Longitudinally, poorer hearing was associated with declines in California Verbal Learning Test immediate (\u03b2 = \u22120.073, SE = 0.032, p = .024), short-delayed (\u03b2 = \u22120.134, SE = 0.043, p = .002), long-delayed (\u03b2 = \u22120.080, SE = 0.032, p = .012) recall, and Digit Span Forward (\u03b2 = \u22120.074, SE = 0.029, p = .011).) from Time 1 to Time 2. Cognitive performance at Time 1 did not predict change in hearing status at Time 2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Audiometric hearing impairment predicted short-term cognitive declines in both California Verbal Learning Test and auditory stimuli for attention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T05:04:57Z","timestamp":1543554297000},"page":"574-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Temporal Sequence of Hearing Impairment and Cognition in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2479-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, 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Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank R","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M","family":"Resnick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, 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