{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:08:46Z","timestamp":1792728526231,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG021917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG021917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Age-related hearing loss (impairment in hearing sensitivity and\/or higher-order auditory processing) and cognitive decline are common co-occurring impairments in elderly adults. Their relation in the process of aging remains insufficiently understood. We aim to assess the temporal relations of decline in hearing sensitivity, higher-order auditory processing, and cognition in middle-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study included 1,274 Beaver Dam Offspring Study participants who participated in three examinations (baseline, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up). We assessed hearing sensitivity through pure-tone audiometry (PTA, averaged thresholds of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz of the better ear), higher-order auditory processing as word recognition in competing message (WRCM) using the Northwestern University 6 word list in the better ear, and cognition through trail-making test performance (TMT). Linear mixed-effects models and linear regression models were used to determine associations over time and to what extent these measures influence each other over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The longitudinal decline between all functions was associated with the strongest relationships between PTA and WRCM. The effect of baseline PTA on WRCM 10 years later (standardized \u00df = \u2013.30) was almost twice as big as the effect of baseline WRCM on PTA 10 years later (standardized \u00df = \u2013.18). The effect of baseline WRCM on TMT 10 years later and vice versa were small (standardized \u00df = \u2013.05). No directional relationship between PTA and TMT was identified (standardized \u00df \u2264 .02).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While hearing sensitivity might affect higher-order auditory processing, associations between hearing and cognition appear bidirectional and weak in midlife. We need to be cautious before inferring causal effects of hearing on cognition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T17:12:42Z","timestamp":1565975562000},"page":"545-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Associations of Hearing Sensitivity, Higher-Order Auditory Processing, and Cognition Over Time in Middle-Aged Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Natascha","family":"Merten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bonn"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School 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