{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:47:45Z","timestamp":1789580865973,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000023","name":"Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSA 94473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSA 94473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated rates of cognitive decline at 3-year follow-up from initial examination in people reporting mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with loss of consciousness (LOC) more than a year prior to initial examination. We examined the role of social support as predictor of preserved cognitive function in this sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analyses were conducted on 440 participants who had self-reported LOC of &amp;lt;1 min, 350 with LOC of 1\u201320 min, and 10,712 healthy controls, taken from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), a nationwide study on health and aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People who reported at baseline that they had experienced mTBI with LOC of 1\u201320 min more than a year prior were 60% more likely to have experienced global cognitive decline than controls at three-year follow-up. Cognitive decline was most apparent on measures of executive functioning. Logistic regression identified increased social support as predictors of relatively preserved cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>mTBI with longer time spent unconscious (i.e., LOC 1\u201320 min) is associated with greater cognitive decline years after the head injury. Perceived social support, particularly emotional support, may help buffer against this cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T15:09:45Z","timestamp":1606576185000},"page":"1777-1787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Social Support Buffers Against Cognitive Decline in Single Mild Traumatic Brain Injury With Loss of Consciousness: Results From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Bedard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Taler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0049","first-page":"86","article-title":"Definition of mild traumatic brain injury","volume-title":"Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation","author":"American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee of the Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group.","year":"1993"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.06.012","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating cognitive and social activity levels in older adults","volume":"93","author":"Anat\u00fcrk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6","article-title":"Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)","volume":"10","author":"Andresen","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine,"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2020.1714552","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment following single mild traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"42","author":"Bedard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1404644","article-title":"Long-term prospective memory impairment following mild traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"32","author":"Bedard","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63521-1.00043-1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and reserve","volume":"128","author":"Bigler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0006","author":"Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24367","article-title":"Prediction of brain age suggests accelerated atrophy after traumatic brain injury","volume":"77","author":"Cole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0008","first-page":"16","article-title":"The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis","author":"Curran","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acy035","article-title":"The influence of cognitive reserve on recovery from traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Donders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr120","article-title":"Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods","volume":"27","author":"Duff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201008","article-title":"Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS One,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00310","article-title":"Distinct functional connectivity patterns are associated with social and cognitive lifestyle factors: Pathways to cognitive reserve","volume":"11","author":"Fleck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.09.007","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma","volume":"30","author":"Gavett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics in Sports Medicine,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0014","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.12.1749","article-title":"Leisure activity and cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer disease","volume":"64","author":"Helzner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805929","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/805929","article-title":"Evaluating different aspects of prospective memory in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"2014","author":"Hernandez Cardenache","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Neurology,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000037","article-title":"The neuropsychological outcomes of concussion: A systematic review of meta-analyses on the cognitive sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Karr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology,"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.015","article-title":"Environmental enrichment reduces A\u03b2 levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice","volume":"120","author":"Lazarov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell,"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713000192","article-title":"Cognitive reserve components as expressed in traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Levi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0020","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2004","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.06.001","article-title":"Contribution of brain or biological reserve and cognitive or neural reserve to outcome after TBI: A meta-analysis (prior to 2015)","volume":"55","author":"Mathias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000070","article-title":"Sex differences in cognitive trajectories in clinically normal older adults","volume":"31","author":"McCarrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging,"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174847","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and chronic cognitive impairment: A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"McInnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555115","article-title":"The impact of age on cognition","volume":"36","author":"Murman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seminars in Hearing,"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1089598","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and persistent post-concussion symptoms\u2014a prospective mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Injury,"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200902839800","article-title":"Semantic verbal fluency in two contrasting languages","volume":"23","author":"Pekkala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics,"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz173","article-title":"Cohort profile: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)","volume":"48","author":"Raina","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology,"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980809990055","article-title":"The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) [Special Issue]","volume":"28","author":"Raina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canadian Journal on Aging,"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1015498","article-title":"Predicting long-term outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI)","volume":"37","author":"Rassovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0030","volume-title":"L\u2019examen Clinique en psychologie.","author":"Rey","year":"1964"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine,"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638008403788","article-title":"Verbal fluency in aging and dementia","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology,"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.694570","article-title":"Progressive brain atrophy in patients with chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Injury,"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1161","article-title":"Accelerated age-related cortical thinning in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Santhanam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior,"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0035","first-page":"1","article-title":"White matter correlates of cognitive domains in normal aging with diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"7","author":"Sasson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.12.2236","article-title":"Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Scarmeas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology,"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000300233.98242.87","article-title":"Screening for traumatic brain injury in troops returning from deployment in Afghanistan and Iraq: Initial investigation of the usefulness of a short screening tool for traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Schwab","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation,"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B","article-title":"The MOS Social Support Survey","volume":"32","author":"Sherbourne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982),"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0039","volume-title":"A compendium of neuropsychological tests","author":"Spreen","year":"1998","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.08.477","article-title":"Cognitive reserve moderates cognitive outcome after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"101","author":"Stenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia,"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000325","article-title":"The role of cognitive reserve in recovery from traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Steward","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation,"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0044","volume-title":"A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary","author":"Strauss","year":"2006","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0045","volume-title":"The Mental Alternation Test (MAT).","author":"Teng","year":"1994"},{"key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0046","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: The effect of age at trauma onset on brain structure integrity","volume":"23","author":"Tremblay","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical,"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341782.71418.6c","article-title":"Educational attainment and cognitive decline in old age","volume":"72","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology,"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103118015037200_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122542","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: Longitudinal regional brain volume changes","volume":"267","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology,"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa213\/34602632\/gbaa213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/76\/9\/1777\/41026864\/gbaa213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/76\/9\/1777\/41026864\/gbaa213.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T14:02:42Z","timestamp":1635688962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article\/76\/9\/1777\/6012909"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Zahodne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}}}