{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:11:10Z","timestamp":1788876670942,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01-AG020166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01-AG020166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19-AG051426)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AG051426)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined the extent to which optimism buffers the effects of physical limitations on depressive symptoms across 4 mid- and later-life age groups (ages 40\u201349, 50\u201364, 65\u201374, 75 and older at baseline). Analyses are motivated by stress theories, which propose that the protective effects of coping resources are evidenced only at high levels of stress. We further explore whether these purportedly protective effects diminish with age, as health-related stressor(s) intensify and become irreversible.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We use data from 2 waves (2004\u20132006 and 2013\u20132014) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, n = 4,515) and Midlife in the United States (MIDUS, n = 2,138). We estimate ordinary least squares regression models with 3-way interaction terms to examine prospectively the benefits of optimism as a coping resource for persons with physical limitations across 4 age groups. Physical limitations are assessed with a composite measure encompassing mobility and activity of daily living limitations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In HRS and MIDUS, persons with 3+ limitations reported significantly more depressive symptoms than persons with 0\u20132 limitations, yet these disparities diminished at higher levels of optimism. Buffering effects of optimism vary by age. For midlife and young-old persons with 3+ limitations, optimism is strongly and inversely related to depressive symptoms at follow-up. Comparable protective effects are not evident among the oldest sample members.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stress and coping models should consider more fully factors that limit older adults\u2019 capacity to deploy purportedly protective personal resources. Investments in structural or institutional supports may be more effective than interventions to enhance positive thinking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T20:01:52Z","timestamp":1649275312000},"page":"1686-1698","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Physical Limitations on Depressive Symptoms Over the Life Course: Is Optimism a Protective Buffer?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6503-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinae L","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Consumer Sciences, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ha","family":"Namkung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs , Sejong , South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Center for Innovation in Social Science, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0001","first-page":"100399","article-title":"Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race\/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort","volume":"7","author":"Abrams","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM\u2015Population Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000067946","article-title":"New frontiers in the future of aging: From successful aging of the young old to the dilemmas of the fourth age","volume":"49","author":"Baltes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12582","article-title":"International optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries","volume":"89","author":"Baranski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00031-9","article-title":"Coping, affect and aging: The roles of mastery and self-esteem","volume":"32","author":"Ben-Zur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2006.04.001","article-title":"Missing data on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: A comparison of 4 imputation techniques","volume":"3","author":"Bono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0496","article-title":"Functional impairment and decline in middle age: A cohort study","volume":"167","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517713551","article-title":"Disability and activity-related emotion in later life: Are effects buffered by intimate relationship support and strain?","volume":"58","author":"Carr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022090109010717100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12557","article-title":"Do family relationships buffer the impact of disability on older adults\u2019 daily mood? 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