{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:42:21Z","timestamp":1791430941940,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AG011230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AG011230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG011230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG011230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensorineural hearing loss (presbycusis) affects up to half of the adults, is associated with cognitive decline. Whether this association reflects the cause, the consequence, or parallel processes driven by other factors remains unclear. Both presbycusis and cognition are linked to elevated metabolic risk, which in turn raises with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a multioccasion longitudinal design, we used latent change score models with strong factorial invariance to assess the change in pure-tone threshold auditory function, fluid intelligence, metabolic risk, variability therein, and the dynamic relationships among the 3 domains. We examined, up to 4 times over more than 7 years, a sample of relatively healthy 687 adults (aged 18.17\u201383.25 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that levels of auditory and cognitive functioning at time t-1 influence each other\u2019s subsequent change between times t-1 and t, even when controlling for the reciprocal effects of metabolic risk on both. Thus, auditory and cognitive functioning do not only decline in parallel in healthy adults, but also affect each other\u2019s trajectories. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first long-term study with such evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results are in accord with extant hypotheses about auditory-cognitive associations in old age (e.g., social isolation, cognitive load, increased inflammation, reduced gene expression, and other microvascular or neuropathological factors). They also echo previous reports underscoring the need for improving access to hearing aids and other rehabilitative services aimed at reducing hearing loss. If applied early in the aging process, such interventions may mitigate cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T15:34:29Z","timestamp":1663947269000},"page":"409-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Age-Related Hearing Loss, Cognitive Performance, and Metabolic Risk in Healthy Adults: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7731-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Ghisletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse , Brig , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L","family":"Dahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naftali","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York , USA"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development , Berlin-Dahlem , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.4.714","article-title":"A latent growth curve analysis of late-life sensory and cognitive function over 8 years: Evidence for specific and common factors underlying change","volume":"18","author":"Anstey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.001","article-title":"Normal-appearing cerebral white matter in healthy adults: Mean change over 2 years and individual differences in change","volume":"36","author":"Bender","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179","volume-title":"Structural equations with latent variables","author":"Bollen","year":"1989"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","volume-title":"The individual or group culture fair intelligence test","author":"Cattell","year":"1960"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.10.008","article-title":"Education, occupation, noise exposure history and the 10 yr cumulative incidence of hearing impairment in older adults","volume":"264","author":"Cruickshanks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4717-14.2015","article-title":"Increase in iron content predicts shrinkage of the striatum and changes in verbal working memory in healthy adults","volume":"35","author":"Daugherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208231","article-title":"Validation of a single factor representing the indicators of metabolic syndrome as a continuous measure of metabolic load and its association with health and cognitive function","volume":"13","author":"D\u00fczel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000499582","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in the cochlea","volume":"66","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199008000-00001","article-title":"Hearing in the elderly: The Framingham cohort, 1983\u20131985. Part I. Basic audiometric test results","volume":"11","author":"Gates","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032138","article-title":"Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework","volume":"19","author":"Geldhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2005.07.002","article-title":"Exploring structural dynamics within and between sensory and intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study","volume":"33","author":"Ghisletta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000402","article-title":"Metabolic risk affects fluid intelligence changes in healthy adults","volume":"34","author":"Ghisletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.133215","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in hearing loss in a healthy population sample: The HUNT Study","volume":"99","author":"Helvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0696-0","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and hearing impairment","volume":"16","author":"Helzner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Diabetes Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.3.244","article-title":"On the power of multivariate latent growth curve models to detect correlated change","volume":"11","author":"Hertzog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030412410107300_","first-page":"42","article-title":"Gender affects audiometric shape in presbyacusis","volume":"4","author":"Jerger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa429","article-title":"Hearing and dementia: From ears to brain","volume":"144","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz166","article-title":"The contribution of ototoxic medications to hearing loss among older adults","volume":"75","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24439","article-title":"Pathology and mechanisms of cochlear aging","volume":"98","author":"Keithley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls066","article-title":"Cognitive, health, and sociodemographic predictors of longitudinal decline in hearing acuity among older adults","volume":"67A","author":"Kiely","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2016.0153","article-title":"The association between age-related hearing impairment and metabolic syndrome in Korean women: 5-year follow-up observational study","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2010.3.1.27","article-title":"Sex differences in a cross sectional study of age-related hearing loss in Korean","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.01.008","article-title":"Why do hearing aids fail to restore normal auditory perception?","volume":"41","author":"Lesica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00073-8","article-title":"Relations between aging sensory\/sensorimotor and cognitive functions","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024238","article-title":"Hearing loss and cognition in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.362","article-title":"Hearing loss and incident dementia","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.3.339","article-title":"Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_1","article-title":"To parcel or not to P-parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits","volume":"9","author":"Little","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2102","article-title":"Ageing and hearing loss","volume":"211","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15363","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between hearing aid use and cognitive function in older Americans","volume":"66","author":"Maharani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163612","article-title":"Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data","volume":"60","author":"McArdle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/10409-005","article-title":"Latent difference score structural models for linear dynamic analyses with incomplete longitudinal data.","volume-title":"New methods for the analysis of change","author":"McArdle","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/14440-000","volume-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using structural equation models","author":"McArdle","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2013.769066","article-title":"Why do people fitted with hearing aids not wear them?","volume":"52","author":"McCormack","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny051","article-title":"Determinants of hearing aid use among older Americans with hearing loss","volume":"59","author":"McKee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825","article-title":"Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance","volume":"58","author":"Meredith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02710.x","article-title":"Relationship of Type 2 diabetes to the prevalence, incidence and progression of age-related hearing loss","volume":"26","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetic Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1268-21.2021","article-title":"Distorted tonotopy severely degrades neural representations of connected speech in noise following acoustic trauma","volume":"42","author":"Parida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.028","article-title":"Regional brain shrinkage and change in cognitive performance over two years: The bidirectional influences of the brain and cognitive reserve factors","volume":"126","author":"Persson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489109127274","article-title":"Mild hearing loss can cause apparent memory failures which increase with age and reduce with IQ","volume":"111","author":"Rabbitt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Oto-laryngologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2018.1656","article-title":"Association of cognition and age-related hearing impairment in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"144","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngology\u2015Head & Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.5.4.475","article-title":"Mechanism of age-related differences in frequency discrimination with backward masking: Speed of processing or stimulus persistence?","volume":"5","author":"Raz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","first-page":"155","article-title":"Implications of perceptual deterioration for cognitive aging research.","volume-title":"The handbook of aging and cognition","author":"Schneider","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023030412410107300_","first-page":"48","article-title":"Sensory underload","volume":"21","author":"Sekuler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychology Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000641","article-title":"Time from hearing aid candidacy to hearing aid adoption: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000106478","article-title":"The complexity of age-related hearing impairment: Contributing environmental and genetic factors","volume":"12","author":"Van Eyken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Audiology and Neurotology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.4.447","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on hearing in older women","volume":"62","author":"Viljanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.10.002","article-title":"Chronic inflammation\u2015inflammaging\u2015in the ageing cochlea: A novel target for future presbycusis therapy","volume":"40","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"issue":"33","key":"2023030412410107300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0937-20.2020","article-title":"Age-related hearing loss is dominated by damage to inner ear sensory cells, not the cellular battery that powers them","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbac148\/47888186\/gbac148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/78\/3\/409\/49421409\/gbac148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/78\/3\/409\/49421409\/gbac148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T09:42:13Z","timestamp":1701078133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article\/78\/3\/409\/6712606"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Taler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbac148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]}}}