{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:48:33Z","timestamp":1790092113827,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG066583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the association between living alone during old age and dementia. Whereas most previous studies on this topic utilize measures of living alone status that were obtained at a single point in time, we compare this typical approach to one that measures long-term exposure to living alone among older adults and assesses whether dementia is more likely to occur within individuals with more accumulated time living alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data come from the Health and Retirement Study, with a follow-up period of 2000\u20132018. A total of 18,171 older adults were followed during this period, resulting in 78,490 person-waves analyzed in a series of multi-level logistic models. Contemporaneous living alone was recorded when a respondent\u2019s household size was equal to 1 in a given wave. Cumulative living alone was calculated by adding the number of living alone statuses up to a given wave.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contemporaneous living alone was either not associated (male-only subsample), or inversely associated (female-only subsample) with dementia. By contrast, a one-unit (i.e., one wave) increase in cumulative living alone was associated with about a 10% increase in the odds of dementia for both men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.111) and women (OR = 1.088), net of several covariates, including marital status, age, social activities, and social support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Living alone during late life is an important risk factor for dementia, but the cognitive effects of solitary living probably do not take hold immediately for most older adults and potentially demonstrate a dose\u2013response relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T16:08:34Z","timestamp":1664554114000},"page":"293-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Living Alone During Old Age and the Risk of Dementia: Assessing the Cumulative Risk of Living Alone"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Benjamin A","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse-Chuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University at Albany SUNY , Albany, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seulki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5065","article-title":"Social networks and loneliness in people with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"34","author":"Balouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988720973759","article-title":"Psychosocial and trauma-related stress and risk of dementia: A meta-analytic systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"35","author":"Bougea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101122","article-title":"Living alone and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Desai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201008","article-title":"Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P213","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.4.P213","article-title":"Marital status and living situation during a 5-year period are associated with a subsequent 10-year cognitive decline in older men: The FINE Study","volume":"61","author":"van Gelder","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"6860","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6860.1001","article-title":"Are elderly people living alone an at-risk group?","volume":"305","author":"Iliffe","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303166","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness, and living alone: Identifying the risks for public health","volume":"106","author":"Klinenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2023021907092922200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa018","article-title":"Does gender matter in the receipt of informal care among community-dwelling older adults? 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