{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:12:19Z","timestamp":1790647939240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]],"date-time":"2023-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Centre","award":["2009254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009254"]}]},{"name":"New South Wales Early-Mid Career Researcher"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite media and public dialog portraying loneliness as a worsening problem, little is known about how the prevalence of loneliness has changed over time. Our study aims to identify (a) temporal trends in episodic and sustained loneliness (lonely in 1 wave vs consistently lonely in 3 consecutive waves); (b) trends across sociodemographic subgroups by sex, race\/ethnicity, birth cohort, education, employment status, marital status, and living alone; and (c) longitudinal predictors of loneliness in middle-aged and older Americans (\u226550 years).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on Waves 3 (1996) to 14 (2018) of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 18,841\u201323,227), we conducted a series of lagged mixed-effects Poisson regression models to assess trends of episodic and sustained loneliness in the overall and sociodemographic subgroup samples (by sex, race\/ethnicity, birth cohort, education, employment, relationship, and living alone status). To examine the predictors of episodic and sustained loneliness, we used a multivariate mixed-effects Poisson regression model with all sociodemographic variables entered into the same model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Episodic loneliness prevalence decreased from 20.1% to 15.5% and sustained loneliness from 4.6% to 3.6%. Trends were similar across most subgroups. Males, Caucasians, those born in 1928\u20131945, with university education, working, married\/partnered, and those not living alone reported lower episodic and sustained loneliness, although associations with sustained loneliness were stronger.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Contrary to common perceptions, loneliness has decreased over 20 years of follow-up in middle-aged and older Americans. Several sociodemographic subgroups have been identified as having a higher risk of loneliness, prompting targeted public health attention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T16:11:30Z","timestamp":1686327090000},"page":"1215-1223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Have Middle-Aged and Older Americans Become Lonelier? 20-Year Trends From the Health and Retirement Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Daniel L","family":"Surkalim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales , Australia"},{"name":"Charles Perkins Centre (D17), The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J","family":"Clare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales , Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Eres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurodisability and Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Gebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales , 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