{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:13:19Z","timestamp":1783743199670,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG066194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG066194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous research links increased care provision to worse wellbeing among family and friend caregivers, both before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We expand on this by incorporating data on caregivers\u2019 social networks and exploring the relationships between own and network changes in care during the pandemic and caregiver wellbeing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We use nationally representative data from 1,876 family and friend caregivers in the first wave of our Care Network Connections over Time study (fielded 12\/17\/2020\u20131\/4\/2021) who had provided care continuously since before the COVID-19 pandemic began. Caregivers were asked about the amount of care that they and each member of their social networks were providing at the time of the survey relative to before the pandemic. We use multivariate regression models to examine the associations between five caregiver wellbeing outcomes and changes in care, and explore the moderating role of networks\u2019 changes in care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among caregivers who had provided care since prior to the pandemic, most increased (42.0%) or maintained the same (40.8%) care. Their networks also typically increased (33.4%) or maintained (46.5%) care. Increasing one\u2019s own care provision was associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and emotional difficulty than maintaining stable care. Among those who increased care, these levels were highest when the network also increased or decreased care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased care provision was most strongly associated with poor caregiver wellbeing in contexts where caregivers\u2019 social networks also changed care provisions. Supports for caregivers undertaking additional care tasks should take into account caregivers\u2019 networks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T22:56:40Z","timestamp":1708124200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increased Care Provision and Caregiver Wellbeing: Moderation by Changes in Social Network Care Provision"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Kirkegaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation , Santa Monica, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6813-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther M","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Edgington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation , Santa Monica, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation , Santa Monica, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479815432.001.0001","volume-title":"Elder care in crisis: How the social safety net fails families","author":"Abel","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0002","first-page":"66","article-title":"Defining distinct caregiver subpopulations by intensity of end-of-life care provided","volume-title":"Palliative Medicine","author":"Abernethy","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0003","first-page":"100659","article-title":"Reliability and cross-country equivalence of the 8-item version of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-8) for the assessment of depression: Results from 27 countries in Europe","volume-title":"Lancet Regional Health \u2013 Europe","author":"Arias de la Torre","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0004","first-page":"650","article-title":"Family caregiving during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume-title":"Gerontologist","author":"Beach","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0005","first-page":"23337214211060166","article-title":"\u201cYou feel very isolated\u201d: Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on caregiver social connections","volume-title":"Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine","author":"Bristol","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0006","first-page":"S81","article-title":"COVID-19-related changes in assistance networks for U.S. older adults with and without dementia","volume-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","author":"Brown","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0007","first-page":"230","article-title":"Transitions in spousal caregiving","volume-title":"Gerontologist","author":"Burton","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0008","first-page":"275","article-title":"The complexity of older adults\u2019 social support networks","volume-title":"Research in Gerontological Nursing","author":"Chaichanawirote","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0009","first-page":"857","article-title":"Changes in social support and their impact on psychosocial outcome over a 5-year period for African American and White dementia caregivers","volume-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","author":"Clay","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring changes in caregiver burden and caregiving intensity due to COVID-19","volume-title":"Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine","author":"Cohen","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0011","first-page":"5","article-title":"Urban American Indian caregiving during COVID-19","volume-title":"American Indian Culture and Research Journal","author":"Cordova-Marks","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0012","first-page":"31","article-title":"Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults","volume-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior","author":"Cornwell","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024040519002965500_CIT0013","first-page":"115721","article-title":"Does caring for others affect our mental health? 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