{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:17:59Z","timestamp":1788142679591,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG072448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG072448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adult child socioeconomic status (SES) has been identified as a predictor of older parents\u2019 cognitive aging. However, studies have primarily relied on educational attainment as the sole measure of adult child SES. We evaluated the relationship between adult children\u2019s financial disadvantage and cognitive outcomes of older parents in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used data from U.S. Health and Retirement Study (2000\u20132014, n = 15,053 respondents \u226551 years with at least 1 adult child). Adult child financial disadvantage was measured with 3 indicators of extremely low income, unemployment, and lack of homeownership. We used linear mixed models to estimate the association between adult child financial disadvantage and the rate of decline in verbal memory scores, controlling for respondents\u2019 sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Having at least 1 adult child (vs no adult children) with extremely low income was found to be associated with lower verbal memory (b = \u22120.041, 95% confidence interval [CI]: \u22120.043, \u22120.039) at baseline. There was a small but significant association with the rate of decline in verbal memory z-scores (b = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.008) and some evidence of heterogeneity by parent gender, marital status, and SES.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Offspring financial disadvantage may be influential for older parents\u2019 initial level of memory function, although evidence of associations with memory decline was weak. Public policy interventions aimed at improving the economic conditions of adult children may indirectly benefit the cognitive performance of disadvantaged parents in their\u00a0later life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T06:28:03Z","timestamp":1721284083000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adult Child Financial Disadvantage and the Cognitive Trajectories Among Older Parents in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6775-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Reum","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Renata","family":"Flores Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027506294245","article-title":"Education and cognitive decline in older Americans: Results from the AHEAD sample","volume":"29","author":"Alley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1536-7150.2008.00568.x","article-title":"Financial transfers from living parents to adult children: Who is helped and why","volume":"67","author":"Berry","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of Economics and Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.3.458","article-title":"Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence","volume":"92","author":"Bolger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1012","article-title":"Individual and area-based socioeconomic factors associated with dementia incidence in England: Evidence from a 12-year follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"75","author":"Cadar","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X08007393","article-title":"Successful ageing among low-income older people in South Korea","volume":"28","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146515594188","article-title":"Educational inequalities in health behaviors at midlife: Is there a role for early-life cognition","volume":"56","author":"Clouston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab109","article-title":"Adult children\u2019s educational attainment and parent health in mid- and later-life","volume":"76","author":"Dennison","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.010","article-title":"Spillovers between siblings and from offspring to parents are understudied: A review and future directions for research","volume":"183","author":"De Neve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"2024080720504877900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48247-2_1","article-title":"The emergence and development of life course theory","volume-title":"Handbook of the life course. 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