{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:45:15Z","timestamp":1791996315816,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AG077758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AG077758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AG082506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AG082506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AG073588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG073588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG082307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG082307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG012846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG012846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG024824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG053760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG053760"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01NR020556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NR020556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AARFD-22-970207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARFD-22-970207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Structural racism creates contextual stressors that disproportionately affect Black, relative to White, older adults in the United States and may contribute to worse cognitive health. We examined the extent to which interpersonal, community, and societal stressors uniquely explain Black\u2013White disparities in initial memory and memory change.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample included 14,199 non-Latino Black and White older adults (Mage\u2005=\u200568.32, 19.8% Black) from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study who completed psychosocial questionnaires at baseline and a word list memory task every 2 years over an 8-year period. Interpersonal, community, and societal stressors were operationalized as self-reported everyday discrimination, neighborhood physical disorder, and subjective societal status, respectively. Latent growth curves modeled longitudinal memory performance. Stressors were modeled simultaneously and allowed to correlate. Covariates included age, sex, education, wealth, parental education, and Southern residence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to White participants, Black participants experienced more discrimination (\u03b2\u2005=\u2005\u22120.004, standard error [SE] = 0.001, p\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), more neighborhood physical disorder (\u03b2\u2005=\u2005\u22120.009, SE = 0.002, p\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), and lower perceived societal status (\u03b2\u2005=\u2005\u22120.002, SE = 0.001, p\u2005=\u2005.001), each of which uniquely mediated the racial disparity in initial memory. Sensitivity analyses utilizing proxy-imputed memory scores revealed an additional racial disparity in memory change, wherein Black participants evidenced a faster decline than White participants. This disparity in memory change was only uniquely mediated by more everyday discrimination among Black participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Elements of structural racism may contribute to cognitive disparities via disproportionate stress experiences at multiple contextual levels among Black older adults. Future research should consider multilevel protective factors that buffer against negative impacts of racism on health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T13:47:07Z","timestamp":1727531227000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interpersonal, Community, and Societal Stressors Mediate Black\u2013White Memory Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan D","family":"Palms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiana","family":"Scambray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Community Health, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6716-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketlyne","family":"Sol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Environmental Health Program, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, Montana State University , Ann 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