{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:20:43Z","timestamp":1792794043945,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG069251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ohio State University Institute for Population Research","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2CHD058484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD058484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"NICHD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Network on Education, Biosocial Pathways, and Dementia across Diverse Populations","award":["NIA R24AG077433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA R24AG077433"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childbearing histories\u2014for example, parity and age at first birth\u2014matter for the health outcomes of mid- and later-life women. There is growing evidence that childbearing may shape cognitive outcomes. However, previous research is not definitive due to its inability to account for selection. Selection is critical to address given that multiple factors, including socioeconomic background and cognition in adolescence, place women at risk for both specific childbearing experiences and poor cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyze the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79; N = 3,668), a longitudinal nationally representative data set from the United States that began collecting data during respondents\u2019 late teens and early 20s. We estimate the average treatment effects of childbearing histories on midlife memory and cognition using propensity-score matching techniques that incorporate an expansive set of early life factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In models adjusting for early life covariates, we find that any births, high parity, and early first birth are associated with worse self-reported memory, but not cognitive functioning scores. After addressing the influence of early life factors through matching techniques, the only robust differences relate to any births and early first births with self-reported memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selection into specific childbearing experiences partially drives the link between childbearing and cognition at midlife, with cascading implications into later life. We suggest incorporating childbearing and early life factors into models to identify social determinants of memory and cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T15:25:55Z","timestamp":1729524355000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Childbearing Histories and Midlife Cognition: Accounting for Early Life Factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieke Beth","family":"Thomeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham,Alabama,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham,Alabama,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dee","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham,Alabama,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rin","family":"Reczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Institute for Population Research, The Ohio State University , Columbus,Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Institute for Population Research, The Ohio State University , Columbus,Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01671-1","article-title":"Does parity matter in women\u2019s risk of dementia? A COSMIC collaboration cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0034-3","article-title":"The impact of college education on fertility: Evidence for heterogeneous effects","volume":"48","author":"Brand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/t28542-000","article-title":"The telephone interview for cognitive status","volume":"1","author":"Brandt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000481136","article-title":"Decline in search speed and verbal memory over 26 years of midlife in a British birth cohort","volume":"49","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100458","article-title":"Is the relationship between men\u2019s age at first birth and midlife health changing? Evidence from two British cohorts","volume":"8","author":"Eini\u00f6","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003955","article-title":"Reproductive factors and the risk of incident dementia: A cohort study of UK Biobank participants","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802221133556","article-title":"An overview of propensity score matching methods for clustered data","volume":"32","author":"Langworthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.2.161","article-title":"Nulliparity and late menopause are associated with decreased cognitive decline","volume":"15","author":"McLay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2002.0055","article-title":"Parenthood and health: The pivotal and optimal age at first birth","volume":"81","author":"Mirowsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107587991","volume-title":"Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principles for social research","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbw013","article-title":"Fertility history and cognition in later life. M. (2021). Fertility history and cognitive function in late life: The case of Mexico","volume":"72","author":"Read","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy133","article-title":"Cohort profile: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79)","volume":"48","author":"Rothstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz129","article-title":"Fertility history and cognitive function in late life: The case of Mexico","volume":"76","author":"Saenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080721","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.080721","article-title":"Does parity and risk of dementia follow a U-shaped relationship? Findings from the cache county study of memory and aging","volume":"19","author":"Schliep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0016","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: Release 18","author":"StataCorp","year":"2023"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad108","article-title":"Sequencing of births by wantedness: Implications for changes in mid-life health among aging NLSY79 women","volume":"78","author":"Thomeer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/01640275231188998","article-title":"Life course religious attendance and cognitive health at midlife: Exploring gendered contingencies","volume":"46","author":"Upenieks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz276","article-title":"Early educational experiences and trajectories of cognitive functioning among US adults in midlife and later","volume":"189","author":"Walsemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146515609903","article-title":"First-birth timing, marital history, and women\u2019s health at midlife","volume":"56","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1086\/729819","article-title":"Twentieth century change in the educational costs of adolescent childbearing","volume":"129","author":"Wolfe","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116097","article-title":"Age at first birth and women\u2019s midlife health: Cohort and race differences across the 20th century","volume":"331","author":"Wolfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175012452652","article-title":"Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects with observational data","volume":"42","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-11585876","article-title":"Research note: The association between parity and odds of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementias status","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115649","article-title":"Gender differences in the association between parity and cognitive function: Evidence from the UK biobank","volume":"320","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"2024121319563150200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864128","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.864128","article-title":"Associations of parity with change in global cognition and incident cognitive impairment in older women","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbae177\/59969286\/gbae177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/79\/12\/gbae177\/60936471\/gbae177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/79\/12\/gbae177\/60936471\/gbae177.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T14:56:44Z","timestamp":1734101804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbae177\/7831402"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jessica A","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbae177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"article-number":"gbae177"}}