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Sarcasm is a complex mental state because the literal and intended meaning of a speaker\u2019s words are in opposition. Individuals must rely on additional cues (e.g., facial expressions, intonation) for accurate inference. We hypothesized that understanding of sarcastic versus sincere exchanges would be more sensitive to age-related difficulty in mental state understanding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined accuracy at identifying sarcasm among 263 adults (ages 18\u201390 years) using videos of social interactions in The Awareness of Social Inference Test. Hypotheses were tested using a logistic linear mixed effects model predicting correct\/incorrect trial-level responses. To characterize why sarcasm differed with age, we measured 2 abilities commonly implicated in mental state understanding: facial emotion recognition and cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sarcasm understanding declined with age, whereas understanding of sincere exchanges did not. Both better emotion recognition and cognitive performance related to better understanding of sarcastic but not sincere exchanges. Only cognitive performance showed an age-related effect such that the cognitive performance among the oldest participants facilitated their understanding of both sarcastic and sincere exchanges.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We showed that individual variation related to age and social and cognitive performance is more pronounced when the use of multiple mental state cues is more (sarcasm) or less (sincerity) necessary for accurate understanding of social interactions. Naturalistic paradigms involving multiple mental state cues can address important questions about how older adults make decisions in the real world.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T10:57:44Z","timestamp":1731495464000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age Differences in Mental State Inference of Sarcasm: Contributions of Facial Emotion Recognition and Cognitive Performance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences Department, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didem","family":"Pehlivanoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Heemskerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Forensics, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Polk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary R","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie C","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Nathan","family":"Spreng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024122711462251500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021963001006643","article-title":"The \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d Test Revised Version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger Syndrome or High-functioning Autism","volume":"42","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024122711462251500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024122711462251500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309445","article-title":"Theory of mind in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Bora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024122711462251500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12233","article-title":"Exploration of older and younger British adults\u2019 performance on The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT)","volume":"51","author":"Burdon","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024122711462251500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037618","article-title":"Toward a neurology of loneliness","volume":"140","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122711462251500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2020.1718060","article-title":"Age differences in neural activity related to mentalizing during person perception","volume":"28","author":"Cassidy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. 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