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We tested the hypothesis that these declines stem from a common mechanism by focusing on mnemonic discrimination, a measure of memory precision that shows unique vulnerability to age-related decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a latent learning task that measures the ability to learn and make judgments about associations among interconnected stimuli, assessing performance across the adult life span. This task allows us to measure multistep inference judgments that reflect how individuals organize relational structure, previously shown to capture the internal model-construction processes that support model-based planning. In Experiment 1, we examined relationships between judgment performance and memory precision. In Experiment 2, we tested whether a \u201cblocked\u201d learning schedule designed to reduce memory interference by separating overlapping objects could improve performance for individuals with weaker memory abilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across the life span, both younger and older adults showed evidence of successful latent learning and inference, but variability in judgment performance was explained by mnemonic discrimination ability. In Experiment 2, mnemonic discrimination interacted with training condition: intermixed training benefited those with high memory precision, whereas blocked training benefited those with low memory precision. We also implemented artificial neural network simulations, which reproduced these qualitative patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that age-related declines in complex judgments stem from declines in mnemonic discrimination and demonstrate that individualized, memory-based training interventions can improve learning and reasoning processes that support goal-directed planning, offering a promising approach to preserving decision-making abilities across the life span.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:46:27Z","timestamp":1772887587000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multistep inference across the human lifespan can be improved with individualized memory interventions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon M","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiland W","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9240-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9334-8502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig E L","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050412383008800_gbag038-B1","volume-title":"Corporate America is seeing a spike in the age of CEOs being hired \u2013 and yes, they\u2019re overwhelmingly white men","author":"Akhtar","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026050412383008800_gbag038-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152882","article-title":"Pattern separation in the human hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus","volume":"319","author":"Bakker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"2026050412383008800_gbag038-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00079-4","article-title":"Blocked training facilitates learning of multiple schemas","volume":"2","author":"Beukers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Psychology"},{"key":"2026050412383008800_gbag038-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630300621","article-title":"Information retrieval (2nd ed.). 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