{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:52:30Z","timestamp":1791539550062,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined within-person depressive symptom change around widowhood in later life and assessed whether baseline Big Five personality traits condition heterogeneity in this change among U.S. older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using biennial panel data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (2006\u20132020), I estimated fixed-effects event-study models centered on the first observed widowhood onset. Depressive symptoms were measured with the CESD-8, and event-time coefficients were defined relative to the interview immediately preceding widowhood. Baseline Big Five traits measured before widowhood onset were entered jointly to estimate trait-specific moderation while accounting for correlations across traits. Of the analytic sample (11,482 respondents; 61,313 person-wave observations), 1,375 experienced a first observed widowhood onset during follow-up, and 10,107 remained continuously married.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Average depressive symptoms followed a time-structured pattern around widowhood onset. Already elevated in the interview immediately preceding the first observed widowhood compared with 2 waves earlier, symptoms increased further at the onset of the interview, attenuating over subsequent interviews. In the joint model including all 5 traits, neuroticism showed the most consistent evidence of moderation across post-onset interviews. Differences by extraversion and openness were concentrated in the early post-onset period, with higher extraversion associated with a larger increase in depressive symptoms and higher openness associated with smaller deviations. Agreeableness and conscientiousness did not show robust moderation after adjustment for the other traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depressive symptom change around widowhood is heterogeneous and varies across phases of the transition. Personality-related differences are concentrated in specific event-time periods, particularly for neuroticism, extraversion, and openness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T11:14:20Z","timestamp":1776510860000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Depressive symptom change around widowhood in later life: Big Five personality heterogeneity among U.S. older adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4120-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412993869"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.19.2.260","article-title":"Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood","volume":"19","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B157829","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae007","article-title":"Revisiting event-study designs: Robust and efficient estimation","volume":"91","author":"Borusyak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpi014","article-title":"Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses","volume":"14","author":"Brambor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S237","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/56.4.s237","article-title":"Psychological adjustment to sudden and anticipated spousal loss among older widowed persons","volume":"56","author":"Carr","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P343","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.6.P343","article-title":"Personality traits, education, and health-related quality of life among older adult primary care patients","volume":"62","author":"Chapman","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa044","article-title":"Short-term mental health sequelae of bereavement predict long-term physical health decline in older adults: US health and retirement study analysis","volume":"76","author":"Domingue","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.1.25","article-title":"Personality is associated with perceived health and functional status in older primary care patients","volume":"18","author":"Duberstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B8","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx021","article-title":"Widowhood and depression in a cross-national perspective: Evidence from the United States, Europe, Korea, and China","volume":"73","author":"Jadhav","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001653","article-title":"Neuroticism\u2019s prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal\/prospective studies with 443 313 participants","volume":"46","author":"Jeronimus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540","article-title":"Personality and depression: Explanatory models and review of the evidence","volume":"7","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020327","article-title":"Linking \u201cbig\u201d personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Kotov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01680-3","article-title":"The association of time since spousal loss and depression in widowhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015309","article-title":"Public health significance of neuroticism","volume":"64","author":"Lahey","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588889","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2025.2588889","article-title":"Depressive symptom networks before and after widowhood in middle-aged and older adults: findings from four prospective cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012134645-4\/50032-9","volume-title":"Handbook of personality psychology","author":"McCrae","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023465","article-title":"Widowhood and mortality: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P153","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.3.P153","article-title":"Modeling intraindividual change in personality traits: Findings from the normative aging study","volume":"58","author":"Mroczek","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510368933","article-title":"Do personality traits moderate the effect of late-life spousal loss on psychological distress?","volume":"51","author":"Pai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt058","article-title":"Widowhood and depression: New light on gender differences, selection, and psychological adjustment","volume":"69","author":"Sasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B21","author":"Smith","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067","article-title":"Cohort profile: the health and retirement study (HRS)","volume":"43","author":"Sonnega","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.61.4.b","article-title":"The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on","volume":"61","author":"Stroebe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61816-9","article-title":"Health outcomes of bereavement","volume":"370","author":"Stroebe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.4.522","article-title":"The effect of widowhood on older adults\u2019 social participation: An evaluation of activity, disengagement, and continuity theories","volume":"42","author":"Utz","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-022-00573-8","article-title":"Do personality traits moderate the effects of cohabitation, separation, and widowhood on life satisfaction? A longitudinal test for Germany","volume":"24","author":"Uunk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2014.05.004","article-title":"Does the \u201cwidowhood effect\u201d precede spousal bereavement? Results from a nationally representative sample of older adults","volume":"23","author":"Vable","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B28","volume-title":"Documentation of affective functioning measures in the Health and Retirement Study","author":"Wallace","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31819d859d","article-title":"The personality domains and styles of the five-factor model are related to incident depression in Medicare recipients aged 65 to 100","volume":"17","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100905263428600_gbag073-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.06.003","article-title":"Openness to experience and stress regulation","volume":"43","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag073\/68132970\/gbag073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/81\/7\/gbag073\/68132970\/gbag073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/81\/7\/gbag073\/68132970\/gbag073.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:26:37Z","timestamp":1791537997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag073\/8660569"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Luchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Psychological Sciences Section)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"article-number":"gbag073"}}