{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:06Z","timestamp":1792785906588,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers on the Demography and Economics of Aging","award":["R24AG066588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24AG066588"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033tgbx59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging at the National Institutes of Health","award":["AG012836-25S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG012836-25S1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As global rates of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias (AD\/ADRD) increase, understanding the factors that contribute to cognitive aging is crucial. This study examined the association between occupational skill trajectories between ages 35 and 55 and cognitive function among older Chilean adults aged 60 and above. It explored how different patterns of occupational trajectories relate to cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis used data from the Chile-Cog study, which applied the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) to a nationally representative sample of Chilean adults in 2019. These cognitive assessments were linked to detailed occupational histories from the Chilean Social Protection Survey (SPS). Using Sequence Analysis, occupational trajectories between ages 35 and 55 were classified into nine groups for women and six groups for men. Cognitive function was measured using a composite cognitive score based on the HCAP items. Linear regression models estimated the associations between occupational trajectory groups and cognitive outcomes, separately for women (n\u2009=\u20091,009) and men (n\u2009=\u2009769).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with longer participation in middle- and high-skill occupations showed better cognitive performance at older ages, whereas prolonged periods in low-skill jobs or not being employed were associated with lower scores. However, no strong evidence emerged on associations between specific trajectories of occupational mobility and cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that cumulative time in higher-skill occupations may be more important for cognitive aging than occupational mobility itself. This study contributes to understanding how occupational trajectories shape cognition in later life and offers insights for countries undergoing economic and demographic transitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1784202462000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between occupational trajectories at ages 35\u201355 and later-life cognition in older adults in Chile"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Delaporte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Studies Center and Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School for Population, Health and Data Science, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research , Rostock,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2023.100102","article-title":"Labor market flows: Evidence for Chile using microdata from administrative tax records","volume":"4","author":"Albagli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P251","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.5.P251","article-title":"Complexity of work and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A population-based study of Swedish twins","volume":"60","author":"Andel","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.047811","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: Results from the 4-year follow-up of the PHYTONER Study","volume":"68","author":"Baldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-023-00751-4","article-title":"Gendered life courses and cognitive functioning in later life: The role of context-specific gender norms and lifetime employment","volume":"20","author":"Bertogg","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Ageing"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264311421367","article-title":"Caregiving and cognitive function in older women: Evidence for the healthy caregiver hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Bertrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1177\/0002764213487347","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213487347","article-title":"Bad jobs, bad health? How work and working conditions contribute to health disparities","volume":"57","author":"Burgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7679.00135","article-title":"Economic growth and poverty reduction by region: Chile 1990-96","volume":"19","author":"Contreras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development Policy Review"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118281","article-title":"The predictive power of employment trajectories on cognition of older adults: Evidence from Chile","volume":"380","author":"Delaporte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2024.102990","article-title":"Educational mismatch, labor market completeness, and gender: Evidence from Chile","volume":"105","author":"Didier","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Development"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209353","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209353","article-title":"Trajectories of occupational cognitive demands and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in later life","volume":"102","author":"Edwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000766","article-title":"The role of caregiving in cognitive function and change: The REGARDS study","volume":"38","author":"Elayoubi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Emery","year":"2022","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.seqimpute"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015511","article-title":"The role of occupational complexity in trajectories of cognitive aging before and after retirement","volume":"24","author":"Finkel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B14","author":"Gateway to Global Aging Data","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gbad155","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad155","article-title":"The influence of education and occupation type on birth cohort differences in cognitive function of Mexican older adults","volume":"79","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181dd4423","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides increases the risk of incident AD","volume":"74","author":"Hayden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217000795","article-title":"The relation of education, occupation, and cognitive activity to cognitive status in old age: The role of physical frailty","volume":"29","author":"Ihle","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B18","author":"International Labour Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X16000465","article-title":"Occupation, retirement and cognitive functioning","volume":"37","author":"Kajitani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-211153","article-title":"Employment trajectories in midlife and cognitive performance in later life: Longitudinal study of older American men and women","volume":"73","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz087","article-title":"Marital status and dementia: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeoa.2021.100309","article-title":"Lifetime employment\u2013Coresidential trajectories and extended working life in Chile","volume":"19","author":"Madero-Cabib","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of the Economics of Ageing"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soab084","article-title":"Complexity in employment and coresidential trajectories among (dis)advantaged social groups in Chile","volume":"100","author":"Madero-Cabib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gbaf140","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf140","article-title":"Own and parental schooling, gender, and cognitive performance based on the harmonized cognitive assessment protocol (HCAP) among older Chilean adults","volume":"80","author":"Mani","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3072","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010989","article-title":"Association of work-family experience with mid- and late-life memory decline in US women","volume":"95","author":"Mayeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9996-9_9","volume-title":"International handbook of adult mortality","author":"Montez","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.08.017","article-title":"Health outcomes, utilization, and equity in Chile: An evolution from 1990 to 2015 and the effects of the last health reform","volume":"178","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B29","first-page":"70","article-title":"Economic growth and the Chilean labor market","volume":"22","author":"Parro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econom\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002569","article-title":"Occupational cognitive requirements and late-life cognitive aging","volume":"86","author":"Pool","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872004000400009","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de un test de tamizaje para el diagn\u00f3stico de demencia asociada a edad, en Chile","volume":"132,","author":"Quiroga L","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica de Chile"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X2100012X","article-title":"Working in old age in Mexico: Implications for cognitive functioning","volume":"42","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1564-913X.2015.00240.x","article-title":"More but not better jobs in Chile? The fundamental importance of open-ended contracts","volume":"154","author":"Ruiz-Tagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Labour Review"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211027404","article-title":"The importance of education for middle- and old-age mortality in Chile: Estimates from panel data linked to death records","volume":"34","author":"Sandoval","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of dementias and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Sosa-Ortiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Research"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0694-8","article-title":"High pesticide exposure events and central nervous system function among pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study","volume":"85","author":"Starks","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121020-030017","article-title":"Beyond \u201cuse it or lose it\u201d: The impact of engagement on cognitive aging","volume":"4","author":"Stine-Morrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad090","article-title":"Impact of caregiving on cognitive functioning: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study","volume":"78","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B40","author":"Subsecretar\u00eda de Previsi\u00f3n Social","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106905","article-title":"Noise pollution and human cognition: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of recent evidence","volume":"158","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B42","author":"United Nations","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa049","article-title":"Adverse employment histories, later health functioning and national labor market policies: European findings based on life-history data from SHARE and ELSA","volume":"76","author":"Wahrendorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dyae022","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae022","article-title":"Mid-life employment trajectories and subsequent memory function and rate of decline in rural South Africa, 2000\u201322","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026100805430324600_gbag142-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100721","article-title":"Trajectories of occupational physical activity and risk of later-life mild cognitive impairment and dementia: The HUNT4 70+ study","volume":"34","author":"Zotcheva","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health. Europe"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag142\/69115382\/gbag142.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/81\/10\/gbag142\/69115382\/gbag142.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/81\/10\/gbag142\/69115382\/gbag142.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:43:06Z","timestamp":1791452586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag142\/8736172"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bram","family":"Vanhoutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Social Sciences Section)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag142","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"article-number":"gbag142"}}