{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:06Z","timestamp":1792785906382,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012325","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22CYY016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22CYY016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Original Humanities Research Development Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2025YCX016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YCX016"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p991c53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUAG\/046\/G101400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUAG\/046\/G101400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG054073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG054073"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG058533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG058533"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG070862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG070862"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P41EB015922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41EB015922"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health","award":["U19AG078109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AG078109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identifying modifiable factors that shape cognitive aging trajectories is a central goal in aging research. This study examined whether bilingualism is associated with dementia status and longitudinal cognitive decline, and whether associations vary by ethnicity or gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed Wave 7 data from the Health and Aging Brain Study\u2014Health Disparities (HABS-HD), a longitudinal U.S. cohort of adults aged \u226550\u2009years. Bilingualism was defined by self-reported use of a second language. Cross-sectional analyses included 4,140 participants (1,013 bilinguals); longitudinal analyses included 1,760 participants (522 bilinguals) followed for up to 4 visits at approximately 2-year intervals. Outcomes were baseline dementia status and latent factor scores for executive function and episodic memory derived from 11 neuropsychological tests. Regression and linear mixed-effects models assessed associations, adjusting for age, education, gender, ethnicity, and practice effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bilingualism was not associated with baseline dementia status or conversion to probable dementia. Cross-sectionally, associations varied by ethnicity: Hispanic bilinguals showed higher executive function and episodic memory scores. No advantage was observed in White participants; conversely, Black bilinguals had lower episodic memory scores. Longitudinally, bilingualism was associated with slower episodic memory decline independent of sociodemographic factors; no longitudinal association was observed for executive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that bilingualism may confer domain-specific benefits for memory trajectories in later life, while cross-sectional differences appear shaped by sociocultural context. The results underscore the importance of considering ethnic diversity and language history when evaluating experiential influences on cognitive aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:51:05Z","timestamp":1784807465000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bilingualism and cognitive aging in ethnically diverse older adults: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from Health and Aging Brain Study\u2014Health Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge , 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