{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:58:42Z","timestamp":1793386722368,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG078247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG078247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Social Environment and Cognitive Health in Urban and Rural Areas study was designed to examine cognitive health disparities in later life. It gathers data on access to social resources, engagement in cognitively stimulating interactions, and exposure to activity spaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 510 participants from 41 Indiana counties during baseline data collection in Fall 2023. All participants completed a computer-assisted personal interview survey that collected data on their cognitive, mental, and physical health, personal networks, sociodemographic attributes, occupational history, lifestyle activities, and social support. 273 participants completed a follow-up module in which they used a smartphone to record ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) that were administered 4 times per day for 7 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age was 69.9\u2009years. Most participants were women (64.5%), White (90.2%), and retired (54.5%). The average participant named 5.38 network members. Participants were at home (70.7%) and alone (60.2%) for the majority of their EMAs. Approximately one third of the sample scored below a recommended cutoff for mild cognitive impairment on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude by outlining a research agenda that (a) characterizes the social networks, interactions, and place-based activities of participants across geographic contexts, and (b) assesses the potential pathways between a combination of networks, interactions, and activities and cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:47:26Z","timestamp":1788353246000},"page":"S245-S254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rationale and study design for the Social Environment and Cognitive Health in Urban and Rural Areas study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9294-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam R","family":"Roth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Irsay Institute for Sociomedical Sciences Research, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-4485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irsay Institute for Sociomedical Sciences Research, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jafnun N","family":"Jarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyao","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irsay Institute for Sociomedical Sciences Research, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maleah","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irsay Institute for Sociomedical Sciences Research, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brea L","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irsay Institute for Sociomedical Sciences Research, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"20","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B2","volume-title":"Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys","author":"American Association for Public Opinion Research","year":"2023","edition":"10th"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P251","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.5.P251","article-title":"Complexity of work and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A population-based study of Swedish twins","volume":"60","author":"Andel","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B4","volume-title":"Defining rural Indiana\u2014The first step","author":"Ayres","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.13.100184.002431","article-title":"The problem of informant accuracy: The validity of retrospective data","volume":"13","author":"Bernard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(99)00017-9","article-title":"Forgetting in the recall-based elicitation of personal and social networks","volume":"22","author":"Brewer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/18508","volume-title":"New directions in the sociology of aging","author":"Cagney","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-121919-054848","article-title":"Urban mobility and activity space","volume":"46","author":"Cagney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4756","article-title":"A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores","volume":"33","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.07.001","article-title":"Cognitive decline and the neighborhood environment","volume":"25","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13035","article-title":"Social enrichment on the job: Complex work with people improves episodic memory, promotes brain reserve, and reduces the risk of dementia","volume":"19","author":"Coleman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"igaf115","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf115","article-title":"Does cognitive capital reduce the risk of cognitive decline in later life?","volume":"9","author":"Ferraro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02476-2","article-title":"Social pathways to care: How community-based network ties shape the health care response of individuals with mental health problems","volume":"59","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210224","article-title":"Does rural living in early life increase the risk for reduced cognitive functioning in later life?","volume":"82","author":"Herd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","article-title":"A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S177","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu091","article-title":"Geriatric syndromes and functional status in NSHAP: Rationale, measurement, and preliminary findings","volume":"69","author":"Huisingh-Scheetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0632-2","article-title":"The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-1017-7","article-title":"Influence of activity space on the association between neighborhood characteristics and dementia risk: Results from the 3-city study cohort","volume":"19","author":"Letellier","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00162","article-title":"Effects of degree of urbanization and lifetime longest-held occupation on cognitive impairment prevalence in an older Spanish population","volume":"8","author":"Lorenzo-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B20","first-page":"2","article-title":"Use of the Functional Activities Questionnaire in older adults with dementia","volume":"13","author":"Mayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617708015","article-title":"Explaining system missing: Missing data and experience sampling method","volume":"8","author":"McLean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/00811750261419100","article-title":"Comparing ecological momentary assessments and time diary methods for measuring daily life","volume":"56","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2022.09.004","article-title":"Random sampling of alters from networks: A promising direction in egocentric network research","volume":"72","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306244","article-title":"Contact tracing could exacerbate COVID-19 health disparities: The role of economic precarity and stigma","volume":"111","author":"Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12443","article-title":"Why the cognitive \u201cfountain of youth\u201d may be upstream: Pathways to dementia risk and resilience through social connectedness","volume":"18","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnab112","article-title":"Social networks and cognitive function: An evaluation of social bridging and bonding mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529682618.n2","volume-title":"The Sage handbook of social network analysis","author":"Perry","year":"2024","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B29","author":"PhenX Toolkit","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12567-5","article-title":"The effect of social relationships on cognitive decline in older adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"22","author":"Piolatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2009.06.001","article-title":"Question-order effects in social network name generators","volume":"31","author":"Pustejovsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104327","article-title":"Stigma as a local process: Stigma associated with opioid dependency in a rural-mixed Indiana county","volume":"124","author":"Railey","year":"2024","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115612","article-title":"Intergroup relationships with people who use drugs: A personal network approach","volume":"317","author":"Railey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150729","article-title":"The cognitive change index as a measure of self and informant perception of cognitive decline: Relation to neuropsychological tests","volume":"51","author":"Rattanabannakit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112896","article-title":"Momentary predictors of compliance in studies using the experience sampling method","volume":"286","author":"Rintala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13155","article-title":"Social networks and health in later life: A state of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/23294965231203027","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessments in sociology","volume":"11","author":"Roth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Currents"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X261444809","article-title":"Enrollment and compliance in an ecological momentary assessment study of later life","author":"Roth","year":"2026","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2020.08.005","article-title":"Network recall among older adults with cognitive impairments","volume":"64","author":"Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab103","article-title":"Personal network bridging potential across geographic context","volume":"77","author":"Roth","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys103","article-title":"Geographical variation in dementia: Systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Russ","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B42","volume-title":"Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A handbook","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-083128","article-title":"Evaluation of pressing issues in ecological momentary assessment","volume":"19","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.10.021","article-title":"Secular trends in dementia and cognitive impairment of U.S. rural and urban older adults","volume":"54","author":"Weden","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09","article-title":"Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version","volume":"5","author":"Yesavage","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clinical Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256583","article-title":"Daily social interactions related to daily performance on mobile cognitive tests among older adults","volume":"16","author":"Zhaoyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae185","article-title":"Cognitive domains in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project","volume":"80","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026103004002573400_gbag184-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"52","author":"Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"}],"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag184\/70922602\/gbag184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/81\/Supplement_3\/S245\/70922602\/gbag184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article-pdf\/81\/Supplement_3\/S245\/70922602\/gbag184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1793347232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/article\/81\/Supplement_3\/S245\/8779982"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}