{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:53:00Z","timestamp":1790981580891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines associations between completed parity, including childlessness (zero parity), and a range of medical conditions (individually and cumulatively) and self-rated health, including differences associated with race\/ethnicity-related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conduct correlational and multivariable regression analyses using a historical HRS\/AHEAD sample of ever-married, non-Hispanic Black and White women born between 1920 and 1941. Multivariable models adjust for early-life-course social determinants of health, including contextual birthplace exposure to Jim Crow-era structural racial inequalities. We focus on childlessness\/zero parity by using zero-inflated count regression methods that statistically identify women with zero probability of having had a live birth (a latent \u201calways-zero\u201d group).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Black women had three times the odds of \u201calways-zero\u201d group membership and, if not in that group, an expected parity 11% higher than White women. In correlational analyses, the predicted probability of \u201calways-zero\u201d group membership (Predicted Infecundity Probability or PIP)\u2014rather than reported childlessness status\u2014and high parity were associated with high-fatality medical conditions and self-rated fair\/poor health. In multivariable models, PIP and high parity were positively associated with number of conditions, while PIP and number of conditions were positively associated with self-rated fair\/poor health. Net of parity, consistent with weathering, younger Black women had a higher-than-expected number of medical conditions relative to all women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the context of historical structural racial inequality, race\/ethnicity-related differences in childlessness and high parity were strongly associated with later-life, post-reproductive health disparities. Women\u2019s number of births was associated with the accumulation of medical conditions in a U-shaped pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:59:02Z","timestamp":1790769542000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Race\/ethnicity, completed parity, and women\u2019s later-life health in the Health and Retirement Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl","family":"Elman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Social Science Research Institute and Center for Population Health and Aging, , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The University of Akron Department of Sociology, , Akron, Ohio,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University Aging Studies Institute, Center for Aging and Policy Studies, , Syracuse, New York,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Syracuse University Department of Sociology, Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs, , Syracuse, New York,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M","family":"O\u2019Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Social Science Research Institute and Center for Population Health and Aging, , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Duke University Department of Sociology, , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"container-title":["The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag202\/71575368\/gbag202.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag202\/71575368\/gbag202.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:57:37Z","timestamp":1790978257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psychsocgerontology\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag202\/8860145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbag202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5014","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"gbag202"}}