{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1791356655650,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":200,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P30 AG059298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P30 AG059298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K23 AG075191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K23 AG075191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council, General Research Fund","award":["17615223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17615223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Loneliness is a major public health concern; however, limited research has examined the mechanisms contributing to racial\/ethnic inequities in loneliness. Race\/ethnicity has been hypothesized to be a distal factor influencing loneliness, and racial\/ethnic inequities in loneliness may be attributable to socioeconomic factors (e.g., income and education). Our study seeks to confirm these hypotheses by examining mechanisms that contribute to racial\/ethnic inequities in loneliness. In other words, if racial\/ethnic differences in loneliness among older adults are mediated by income and education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data came from the Health and Retirement Study Leave-Behind Questionnaire, 2014\u20132016. Loneliness was measured by the UCLA 3-item loneliness scale. Race\/ethnicity categories were White, Black, and Hispanic\/Latino. The mediator variables were household income and education. Multivariable linear regression models were used to determine differences in loneliness by race\/ethnicity. The Karlson\u2013Holm\u2013Breen (KHB) mediation method was used to determine if income and education mediated racial\/ethnic differences in loneliness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In models examining income and education together, a complete mediation was found between White and Black older adults, in that income and education completely mediated differences in loneliness between these groups. A partial mediation was found between White and Hispanic, and Black and Hispanic older adults. When examining income and education separately, we found that income solely accounted for racial\/ethnic differences in loneliness compared to education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study is the first to explicitly determine if socioeconomic factors mediate race\/ethnicity differences in loneliness among a national sample of older adults. These findings illustrate that income may have greater proximate effects for loneliness among older adults in comparison to education. Additionally, these findings can inform evidence-based interventions to reduce loneliness among older adults. Interventions that enhance quality of life and provide opportunities for socialization for racialized low-income older adults may help decrease racial\/ethnic inequities in loneliness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T15:01:35Z","timestamp":1721401295000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Loneliness Among Older Adults: The Role of Income and Education as Mediators"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1989-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry Owen","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , 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