{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:42:17Z","timestamp":1791474137835,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-R2-CX-0053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-R2-CX-0053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007236","name":"Office of Justice Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000074","name":"U.S. Department of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine activity theory (RAT) asserts that a suitable target\u2019s exposure to a motivated offender in the absence of capable guardians increases their likelihood of crime victimization. We use these principles to assess the extent to which engaging in risky routine activities\u2014for example, entering sweepstakes drawings, answering unknown calls\u2014is associated with victimization frequency among older adult mass marketing fraud victims across five types of scams: investment fraud, sweepstakes and lottery fraud, romance and family\/friend imposter scams, fake products and services, and charity scams. We also examine whether financial and social vulnerability characteristics (loneliness, preference for taking financial risks, financial fragility) are associated with victimization frequency in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey was administered to households that the U.S. Postal Inspection Service identified as having recently responded to one or more mail scam solicitations. Respondents answered questions on their behaviors, financial risk preferences, social and demographic characteristics, and number of past-year victimization experiences with 5 types of fraud.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As predicted based on RAT, routine activities that increase a target\u2019s exposure to motivated offenders are positively associated with fraud victimization frequency, although more frequent online activity was negatively associated with victimization frequency contrary to hypotheses. Precarious financial and emotional states such as financial fragility and loneliness also were associated with greater victimization frequency, and more frequent social engagement and living with others (the presence of capable guardians) had no effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Target suitability factors such as loneliness, financial fragility, and risky financial preferences and behaviors are associated with a higher frequency of fraud victimization among older adults. Consumer education should include information on reducing risky behaviors that can increase fraud exposure. More frequent social engagement may not be protective. Older adults who are financially fragile and experiencing loneliness require more safeguards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T15:28:47Z","timestamp":1735313327000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Effects of Risky Behaviors and Social Factors on the Frequency of Fraud Victimization Among Known Victims"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9807-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marguerite","family":"DeLiema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1134-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8095-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Brannock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Data Science, RTI International , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Langton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Justice Division, RTI International , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1300\/J084v20n01_04","article-title":"The effects of loneliness on telemarketing fraud vulnerability among older adults","volume":"20","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2841286"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv082","article-title":"How does survey context impact self-reported fraud victimization","volume":"57","author":"Beals","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1108\/jfc-10-2016-0062","article-title":"Pyramids, Ponzis and fraud prevention: Lessons from a case study","volume":"25","author":"Bosley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Crime"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316x.2013.772180","article-title":"The online dating romance scam: Causes and consequences of victimhood","volume":"20","author":"Buchanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology, Crime & Law"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101058","article-title":"Risk and protective factors of identity theft victimization in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Burnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303821a","article-title":"Prevalence of financial fraud and scams among older adults in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Burnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.06.005","article-title":"Perceived social isolation and cognition","volume":"13","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12396","article-title":"The state of theory in elder family financial exploitation: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory & Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589","article-title":"Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Crime: Critical Concepts in Sociology"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0011","first-page":"177","article-title":"Transnational scam predators and older adult victims: Contributing characteristics of chronic victims and developing an effective response","volume":"66","author":"Deem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Department of Justice Journal of Federal Law and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw258","article-title":"Elder fraud and financial exploitation: Application of routine activity theory","volume":"58","author":"DeLiema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2024.2321923","article-title":"Fraud victimization across the lifespan: Evidence on repeat victimization using perpetrator data","volume":"36","author":"DeLiema","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12886","article-title":"Correlates of responding to and becoming victimized by fraud: Examining risk factors by scam type","volume":"47","author":"DeLiema","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Consumer Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucz020","article-title":"Profiling victims of investment fraud: Mindsets and risky behaviors","volume":"46","author":"DeLiema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2023.2244468","article-title":"Consumer experiences with gift card payment scams: Causes, consequences, and implications for consumer protection","volume":"18","author":"DeLiema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1057\/s41284-023-00401-5","article-title":"Profiling consumers who reported mass marketing scams: Demographic characteristics and emotional sentiments associated with victimization","volume":"37","author":"DeLiema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Security Journal"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1057\/fsm.2013.14","article-title":"Fraud and its PREY: Conceptualising social engineering tactics and its impact on financial literacy outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Drew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Services Marketing"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0019","author":"Federal Trade Commission","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0020","author":"FINRA Investor Education Foundation","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818815442","article-title":"Identifying risky Internet use: Associating negative online experience with specific online behaviours","volume":"21","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1086\/726445","article-title":"Life course trajectories and wealth accumulation in the United States: Comparing late baby boomers and early millennials","volume":"129","author":"Gruijters","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"igac010","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igac010","article-title":"Financial stressors and resources associated with financial exploitation","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150442","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and susceptibility to scams in old age","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8","article-title":"Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Hawkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2008.00101.x","article-title":"Low self-control, routine activities, and fraud victimization","volume":"46","author":"Holtfreter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","article-title":"A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2013.821809","article-title":"Correlates of susceptibility to scams in older adults without dementia","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0882","article-title":"Age-associated financial vulnerability: An emerging public health issue","volume":"163","author":"Lachs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0031","volume-title":"Assessing the quality of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Supplemental Fraud Survey (SFS)","author":"Langton","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2015.1101632","article-title":"Psychological and functional vulnerability predicts fraud cases in older adults: Results of a longitudinal study","volume":"39","author":"Lichtenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Gerontologist"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w17072","volume-title":"Financially fragile households: Evidence and implications","author":"Lusardi","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9748-0","article-title":"Social explanations of lottery play: New evidence based on national survey data","volume":"34","author":"Lutter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764218787854","article-title":"Low self-control, information disclosure, and the risk of online fraud","volume":"62","author":"Mesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0036","author":"Morgan","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/09649069.2016.1161872","article-title":"Safeguarding adults and mass marketing fraud\u2014Perspectives from the police, trading standards and the voluntary sector","volume":"38","author":"Olivier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0038","author":"Pak","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12050264","article-title":"\u201cIf we don\u2019t listen to them, we make them lose more than money\u201d: Exploring reasons for underreporting and the needs of older scam victims","volume":"12","author":"Parti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427810365903","article-title":"Routine online activity and internet fraud targeting: Extending the generality of routine activity theory","volume":"47","author":"Pratt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/3577923.3583640","article-title":"Users really do respond to smishing","author":"Rahman","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10603-020-09466-w","article-title":"Who is victimized by fraud? Evidence from consumer protection cases","volume":"44","author":"Raval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1108\/jfc-03-2013-0014","article-title":"Shopping fraud victimization among the elderly","volume":"20","author":"Reisig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Crime"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1057\/s41284-023-00410-4","article-title":"Fraudsters target the elderly: Behavioural evidence from randomised controlled scam-baiting experiments","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Security Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614535935","article-title":"Contrary to psychological and popular opinion, there is no compelling evidence that older adults are disproportionately victimized by consumer fraud","volume":"9","author":"Ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2009.02.003","article-title":"Studying the correlates of fraud victimization and reporting","volume":"37","author":"Schoepfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09608-7","volume-title":"A modern approach to regression with R","author":"Sheather","year":"2009"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx051","article-title":"Financial exploitation is associated with structural and functional brain differences in healthy older adults","volume":"72","author":"Spreng","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648231196850","article-title":"A microsimulation of well-being and literacy interventions to reduce scam susceptibility in older adults","volume":"42","author":"Sur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Gerontology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/01639620500218294","article-title":"Fraud and the American dream: Toward an understanding of fraud victimization","volume":"26","author":"Trahan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0058","volume-title":"Mass Marketing Fraud: What is mass marketing fraud?","author":"United States Department of Justice","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcr053","article-title":"\u2018Bought it, but never got it\u2019 assessing risk factors for online consumer fraud victimization","volume":"29","author":"Van Wilsem","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2021.2024105","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of loneliness on vulnerability to fraud among older adults","volume":"34","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.03.002","article-title":"Individual differences in susceptibility to online influence: A theoretical review","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2016.1235521","article-title":"Elder mistreatment predicts later physical and psychological health: Results from a national longitudinal study","volume":"29","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2023.2197268","article-title":"Why comply? Risk and efficacy perceptions drive compliance in mass marketing scams","volume":"35","author":"Wood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2025032917032449900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17488958241257860","DOI":"10.1177\/17488958241257860","article-title":"Routine activities and fraud re-victimization among older adults: Do types of routine activities matter","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Criminology & Criminal Justice"}],"container-title":["Innovation in Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geroni\/igae111\/61293770\/igae111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/9\/2\/igae111\/61293770\/igae111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/9\/2\/igae111\/61293770\/igae111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T12:41:25Z","timestamp":1743424885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geroni\/igae111\/7934543"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Roland J","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igae111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-5300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-5300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"article-number":"igae111"}}