{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:43:08Z","timestamp":1789778588056,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AG075228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG075228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG083257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG083257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG034424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG034424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low education in early life is a major risk factor for dementia. However, little is known about how education in later life is related to cognitive function in older adults. We assessed whether later-life learning was associated with better cognitive function over time and whether the associations differed by sex, race\/ethnicity, and prior education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used data from the 2008\u20132018 Health and Retirement Study, including participants aged 65+ without baseline dementia and followed for up to 6 years. Global cognition was measured using a summary score. Later-life learning was measured at every wave at least once a month or more, not in the last month, or never.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 12\u00a0099 participants, 10.2% attended an educational or training course \u201cat least once a month or more,\u201d 45.5% reported \u201cnot in the last month,\u201d and 43.3% reported \u201cnever\u201d at each wave of the study. Results from adjusted mixed-effects models showed that engaging in any later-life learning, either at least once a month (0.56 points higher, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2005=\u20050.40\u20130.73) or not in the last month (0.55 points higher, 95% CI\u2005=\u20050.45\u20130.65) was associated with better cognitive function compared to never engaging in these activities. The association remained consistent as people aged. The benefits of later-life learning on cognitive function were greater in women than in men\u2014at least once a month versus never was 0.30 points greater in women than men (95% CI\u2005=\u2005\u22120.03 to 0.63, p\u2005=\u2005.0760); not in the last month versus never was 0.24 points greater in women than men (95% CI\u2005=\u20050.04\u20130.43, p\u2005=\u2005.016). There were no significant differences by race\/ethnicity or prior education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Later-life learning was associated with better cognitive function over time. These findings underscore the importance of continued learning among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T21:20:04Z","timestamp":1741123204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Impact of Later-Life Learning on Trajectories of Cognitive Function Among U.S. Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2431-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanzhang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of 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