{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:32:27Z","timestamp":1787236347600,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":229,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2505100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2505100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2505103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2505103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multimorbidity is increasingly prevalent among the middle-aged population, yet it is largely often overlooked. We aimed to explore and compare the differences in multimorbidity patterns by sex and age among middle-aged inpatients from China and the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 184\u2009133 hospitalization records from Shaanxi, China, and 180\u2009497 from the UK Biobank for \u00admiddle-aged populations. Using network analysis, we examined multimorbidity patterns by sex, age groups (40-44, 45-49, 50-54, and 55-59 years), and countries. We also identified hub diseases in both sex-specific and sex\u2013age-specific networks and their corresponding roles in forming multimorbidity patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both China and the United Kingdom, males exhibited higher multimorbidity prevalence (China: 58.51% vs 55.33%, 1.06\u00d7; United Kingdom: 31.15% vs 29.79%, 1.05\u00d7) and greater complexity of multimorbidity patterns (China: 1179 patterns vs 990 patterns, 1.19\u00d7; United Kingdom: 438 patterns vs 377 patterns, 1.16\u00d7) than females. In sex-specific networks, males in both countries demonstrated the specificity of circulatory, genitourinary, and endocrine\/nutritional\/metabolic-associated multimorbidity patterns, while females demonstrated specific genitourinary and neoplasm-associated multimorbidity patterns. Hub diseases in these networks are distributed in similar disease categories. In sex\u2013age-specific networks, dominant multimorbidity patterns and hub diseases shifted by age. In males, both countries showed stable but dominating circulatory, endocrine\/nutritional\/metabolic and digestive-associated multimorbidity patterns with aging. In comparison, Chinese females demonstrated an increase in nervous system-associated multimorbidity patterns and a decrease in genitourinary-associated multimorbidity patterns with ageing; British females demonstrated an increase in mental\/behavioral-associated multimorbidity patterns and a stable but dominating \u00adgenitourinary-associated multimorbidity patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both China and the United Kingdom, males demonstrated more complex multimorbidity than females. With ageing, multimorbidity patterns are stable in males, while females in China and the United Kingdom each develop different and specific multimorbidity patterns. These findings may inform targeted interventions for middle-aged inpatients with multimorbidity by sex and age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T11:52:09Z","timestamp":1755258729000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex- and age-specific multimorbidity networks in middle-aged inpatients: a network-based comparative study between China and the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yining","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi\u2019an,","place":["China"]},{"name":"School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , 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Shanghai,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Shanghai,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Management Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi\u2019an,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science 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