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This study investigated the prospective effects of activity engagement\u2014frequency of and diversity across activity types\u2014on aging-related cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we evaluated whether baseline measures of 4 activity types (cognitive, physical, contact with family\/friends, and social group participation) predicted subsequent cognitive decline adjusted for potential confounders. We compared the effects of activity type frequency with the effect of activity diversity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In HRS, activity diversity was associated with slower midlife (ages 55-65) cognitive decline, whereas more frequent cognitive activities yielded the largest reduction in late-life (ages 65-85) cognitive decline. Frequency of social contact was associated with slower midlife cognitive decline, whereas more frequent social group participation had a stronger association in later life. Physical activity did not significantly affect the cognitive decline trajectory. In MIDUS, neither the activity frequency nor diversity was associated with subsequent cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results underscore that both type and timing of activity matter: Efforts to promote activity diversity and social contact are likely to be most effective in midlife, whereas cognitive activities and social group participation may be more impactful in late life. Physical activity alone had little effect on mid-to-late-life cognition but may be valuable earlier in life and in the context of activity diversity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T12:42:57Z","timestamp":1769863377000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does type or diversity of activities delay aging-related cognitive decline?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2865-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana A","family":"Glei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6886-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chioun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey K","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030903264058700_igaf133-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03340-9","article-title":"Lifetime risk and projected burden of dementia","volume":"31","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"2026030903264058700_igaf133-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026030903264058700_igaf133-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0068-2","article-title":"Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing","volume":"19","author":"Cabeza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"2026030903264058700_igaf133-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511795745320","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in aging","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer Research."},{"key":"2026030903264058700_igaf133-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0917-z","article-title":"Defining cognitive reserve and implications for cognitive aging","volume":"19","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"2026030903264058700_igaf133-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9270-9","article-title":"How does it STAC up? 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