{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:59:04Z","timestamp":1783587544674,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/P000630\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P000630\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is increasingly used to collect real-time data on physical activity behavior. However, no activity-triggered EMA studies have been conducted among low-income older adults. We aim to assess the feasibility and acceptability of activity-triggered EMA in low-income older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Researchers partnered with community organizations and provided technical support to facilitate the recruitment and retention of low-income older adults. For 7 days, 39 older adults (76.4\u2009\u00b1\u20098.5 years; 76% earning below \u00a325 000\/year) received EMA surveys when they surpassed a predefined activity\/inactivity threshold, or when two hours elapsed between prompts. Participants wore a Move 4 activity sensor to measure their steps. A post-study questionnaire assessed perceptions of acceptability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed 84% of the EMA surveys they received. EMA compliance did not appear to differ as a function of age, biological sex, time of day, day of week, or concurrent physical activity. Responses to the post-study questionnaire revealed that the most enjoyable aspects of participating in the study were making a worthwhile contribution to science and becoming more self-aware of their feelings and\/or activities. The least enjoyable aspects included the frequency or timing of EMA prompts, the interruption of activities to complete an EMA survey, and limited or inadequate response options for certain EMA items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphone-based, activity-triggered EMA is feasible and acceptable among low-income older adults. Fostering community partnerships, managing participant resource constraints, and providing technical support are crucial strategies for engaging and retaining this population in mobile health research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T12:25:35Z","timestamp":1767443135000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility and acceptability of 7-day smartphone-based, activity-triggered Ecological Momentary Assessment among low-income older adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8395-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia S","family":"Malkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve F","family":"Dunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick P","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Kelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter , Exeter,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max J","family":"Western","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-016-9641-0","article-title":"Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty","volume":"17","author":"McPhee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogerontology."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13616","article-title":"Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: a systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Cunningham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00464-8","article-title":"The cost of inaction on physical inactivity to public health-care systems: a population-attributable fraction analysis","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00150-5","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5\u00b77 million participants","volume":"12","author":"Strain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896906069378","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between socio-economic position and physical activity","volume":"65","author":"Gidlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Educ J"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000100","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000100","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in physical activity among older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"1","author":"Malkowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01775-y","article-title":"Correlates and determinants of physical activity among older adults of lower versus higher socio-economic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Malkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01753-4","article-title":"Enablers and barriers to physical activity among older adults of low socio-economic status: a systematic review of qualitative literature","volume":"22","author":"Malkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000092","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment in physical activity research","volume":"45","author":"Dunton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5398","article-title":"Feasibility and performance test of a real-time sensor-informed context-sensitive ecological momentary assessment to capture physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Dunton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00596","article-title":"Interactive multimodal ambulatory monitoring to investigate the association between physical activity and affect","volume":"3","author":"Ebner-Priemer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0272-7","article-title":"Using activity triggered e-diaries to reveal the associations between physical activity and affective states in older adult\u2019s daily living","volume":"12","author":"Kanning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01485","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment is a feasible and valid methodological tool to measure older adults\u2019 physical activity and sedentary behavior","volume":"9","author":"Maher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2021-0024","article-title":"Feasibility and validity of assessing low-income, African American older adults\u2019 physical activity and sedentary behavior through ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Maher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Meas Phys Behav"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"igab056","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igab056","article-title":"Low-income, older African Americans\u2019 engagement in and perceptions of a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment study of physical activity and sedentary behavior","volume":"6","author":"Kennedy-Malone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B17","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-07937-w","article-title":"Digital health interventions for all? Examining inclusivity across all stages of the digital health intervention research process","volume":"25","author":"Krukowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4954","article-title":"A systematic review of methods and procedures used in ecological momentary assessments of diet and physical activity research in youth: an adapted STROBE Checklist for Reporting EMA Studies (CREMAS)","volume":"18","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090606","article-title":"Validation and comparison of two methods to assess human energy expenditure during free-living activities","volume":"9","author":"Anastasopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2019-0068","article-title":"Validating accelerometers for the assessment of body position and sedentary behavior","volume":"3","author":"Giurgiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Meas Phys Behav"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15125\/BATH-01588","volume-title":"Dataset for \u201cFeasibility and acceptability of 7-day smartphone-based, activity-triggered Ecological Momentary Assessment among low-income older adults\u201d","author":"Malkowski","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.02.008","article-title":"Age-related differences in physical activity profiles of English adults","volume":"52","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9141-4","article-title":"Using ecological momentary assessment to examine antecedents and correlates of physical activity bouts in adults age 50+ years: a pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Dunton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2020-0253","article-title":"Exploring feelings of pleasure and purpose associated with older people\u2019s activities using ecological momentary analysis: an observational study","volume":"29","author":"Hancock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44425","DOI":"10.2196\/44425","article-title":"Within-person associations of accelerometer-assessed physical activity with time-varying determinants in older adults: time-based ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"6","author":"Maes","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Aging."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00260","article-title":"Momentary assessment of adults\u2019 physical activity and sedentary behavior: feasibility and validity","volume":"3","author":"Dunton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11623-w","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to the use of e-health by older adults: a scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22890","DOI":"10.2196\/22890","article-title":"Smartphone-delivered ecological momentary interventions based on ecological momentary assessments to promote health behaviors: systematic review and adapted checklist for reporting ecological momentary assessment and intervention studies","volume":"9","author":"Dao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw026","article-title":"Assessing daily physical activity in older adults: unraveling the complexity of monitors, measures, and methods","volume":"71","author":"Schrack","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0670-3","article-title":"Different indicators of socioeconomic status and their relative importance as determinants of health in old age","volume":"16","author":"Darin-Mattsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health."},{"key":"2026030903263973300_igaf151-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231701","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1231701","article-title":"How \u201cbasic\u201d is basic digital literacy for older adults? Insights from digital skills instructors","volume":"8","author":"Vercruyssen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Educ"}],"container-title":["Innovation in Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geroni\/igaf151\/66294896\/igaf151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/igaf151\/66294896\/igaf151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/igaf151\/66294896\/igaf151.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:26:44Z","timestamp":1773041204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geroni\/igaf151\/8416603"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Putnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igaf151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-5300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-5300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"igaf151"}}