{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:40:33Z","timestamp":1791434433085,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association New Investigator Research Grant","award":["NIRG-09-131261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIRG-09-131261"]}]},{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholar Grant","award":["66520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apathy is a common symptom in dementia and is associated with rapid cognitive decline, poor quality of life, and higher mortality. Lawton\u2019s Competence and Environmental Press model suggests that an individual\u2019s behavior and affect are influenced by the fit of their functional abilities with the environmental demands. Yet, empirical evidence on the association between person\u2013environment (P\u2013E) fit and apathy is lacking. Thus, this study examined the relationship between P\u2013E fit and apathy in dementia. Specifically, this study focused on the extent the physical environment fits individual functional limitations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a cross-sectional study using the baseline data from long-term care residents with dementia. The sample included 199 residents with moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment from 4 assisted living and 4 nursing homes. Function-focused P\u2013E fit was measured using the Housing Enabler scale. Apathy was measured using the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Multilevel linear models were used to analyze the relationship between P\u2013E fit and apathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings revealed that greater P\u2013E fit, specifically indoor environment, was significantly associated with lower apathy after controlling for age, gender, and years living in the facility. Yet, the association became not significant after controlling for individual physical function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings support the association between function-focused P\u2013E fit and apathy, but the association is no longer significant after physical function is adjusted. Future research may explore other aspects of P\u2013E fit and the impact of social and organizational environment on apathy in dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T11:38:12Z","timestamp":1597750692000},"page":"413-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Function-Focused Person\u2013Environment Fit for Long-Term Care Residents With Dementia: Impact on Apathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Ying-Ling","family":"Jao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Chaudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotsana","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Galik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90038-8","article-title":"Cornell scale for depression in dementia","volume":"23","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600963604","article-title":"Initial psychometrics of the ambiance scale: A tool to study person-environment interaction in dementia","volume":"11","author":"Algase","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.05.011","article-title":"A systematic review\u2013physical activity in dementia: The influence of the nursing home environment","volume":"45","author":"Anderiesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2009-0512","article-title":"Evidence-based long term care design","volume":"25","author":"Calkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnx146","article-title":"From research to application: Supportive and therapeutic environments for people living with dementia","volume":"58","author":"Calkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw259","article-title":"The influence of the physical environment on residents with dementia in long-term care setting: A review of the empirical literature","volume":"58","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021040615393678700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000190","article-title":"Apathy and dementia. 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