{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:09:36Z","timestamp":1778159376395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health and Retirement Study"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG009740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG009740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite higher risks of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2013related dementias among racial\/ethnic minority populations, some maintain good cognition until old age. The aims of this study were to investigate heterogeneous cognitive trajectories among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic older adults, examine cognitive impairment prevalence across trajectory classes, and identify associated social and behavioral determinants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using 11 waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (1996\u20132016), 1,322 non-Hispanic Black and 747 Hispanic adults aged 50+ years in 1996 with normal cognition were included. Latent class growth modeling and multinomial logistic regressions were performed to examine cognitive trajectories and associated determinants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For both racial\/ethnic groups, 3 trajectory classes were identified: high, medium, and low cognition. In the low-cognition class, 87% and 100% of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants, respectively, developed cognitive impairment. For both racial\/ethnic groups, older age and living in rural areas during schooltime increased the likelihood of being in the low-cognition class, whereas more education was associated with a lower likelihood. Unique risk and protective determinants for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants were also identified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study reveals the heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories among racial\/ethnic minority older adults and various associated social and behavioral determinants. More prevention interventions and accessible, affordable diagnosis and treatment should be provided to older racial\/ethnic minorities with these characteristics to reduce disparities. More research is needed to further explore associations between unique determinants and cognition in racial\/ethnic minority populations to better inform interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnae147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T08:14:49Z","timestamp":1728980089000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cognitive Trajectories and Associated Social and Behavioral Determinants Among Racial\/Ethnic Minority Older Adults in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0606-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiayu Summer","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Champaign, Illinois ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6891-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diana R. 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