{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:16:15Z","timestamp":1791483375939,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG17211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG17211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG073090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG073090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","award":["90REGE0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90REGE0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Older adults represent a remarkably heterogeneous population that is diverse in many dimensions, including cognition. Cognitive diversity includes normative age-related changes in cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and more severe impairments such as dementia. The causes and nature of these cognitive impairments (CIs) are varied, extending beyond MCI and Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias to encompass stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and traumatic brain injury. When developing cognitive support strategies, it is crucial to account for the wide range of cognitive diversity and the differing cognitive patterns and trajectories within older adult populations. In this regard, intersectionality is an important consideration given the increased diversity of the older adult population and the existence of health disparities among underrepresented groups. This paper focuses on demonstrating how technology applications can provide cognitive support to older adults across the continuum of cognition. Examples of ongoing research in this area are provided from the authors\u2019 Enhancing Neurocognitive Health, Abilities, Networks, &amp; Community Engagement (ENHANCE) Center, which focuses on developing and evaluating technology support solutions for older adults with a CI, and the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE), which focuses on older adults and their interactions with technology systems and ensuring that the benefits of technology can be realized by older adults. We describe our research framework, based on a user-centered design approach, that emphasizes user characteristics, environmental contexts, and the importance of including diverse user groups in design activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaf114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:24:25Z","timestamp":1742257465000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Use of Technology to Support Cognitive Diversity Among Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Sara J","family":"Czaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter R","family":"Boot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Charness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0787-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy A","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Champaign ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0001","author":"Administration on Aging","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"20","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Ataie","year":"2015","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118521373.wbeaa016"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b22187","volume-title":"Designing for older adults: Case studies, methods, and tools","author":"Boot","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002749","article-title":"Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Boss","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1765032","article-title":"Information and communication technology-based assistive technology to compensate for impaired cognition in everyday life: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Brandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology"},{"issue":"194","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0007","first-page":"4","article-title":"SUS: A","volume":"189","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Evaluation in Industry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw125","article-title":"A social model of loneliness: The roles of disability, social resources, and cognitive impairment","volume":"57","author":"Burholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/2165143417739609","article-title":"Examination of the effects of video prompting across different types of tasks","volume":"41","author":"Cannella-Malone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040258","article-title":"Long-term care services and support systems for older adults: The role of technology","volume":"71","author":"Czaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b22189","volume-title":"Designing for older adults: Principles and creative human factors approaches","author":"Czaja","year":"2019","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw249","article-title":"Improving social support for older adults through technology: Findings from the PRISM randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Czaja","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.11.004","article-title":"The personalized reminder information and social management system (PRISM) trial: Rationale, methods and baseline characteristics","volume":"40","author":"Czaja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae042","article-title":"The benefits of technology for engaging aging adults: Findings from the PRISM 2.0 trial","volume":"8","author":"Czaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"igae065","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae065","article-title":"The efficacy of a home-based functional skills training program for older adults with and without a cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Czaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728658","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.728658","article-title":"Social support, isolation, loneliness, and health among older adults in the PRISM randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Czaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0010","volume-title":"Designing training and instructional programs for older adults","author":"Czaja","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4017\/gt.2020.19.2.004.00","article-title":"The changing face of aging: Characteristics of older adult user groups","volume":"19","author":"Czaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Gerontechnology"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648241248294","article-title":"A tablet-based application to enhance social connectedness for individuals with a cognitive impairment: Results from the PRISM-CI pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Falzarano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Gerontology"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03340-9","article-title":"Lifetime risk and projected burden of dementia","volume":"31","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natural Medicines"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0510","article-title":"US prevalence and predictors of informal caregiving for dementia","volume":"34","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Affairs (Project Hope)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13437","article-title":"The intersection of social determinants of health and family care of people living with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias: A public health opportunity","volume":"19","author":"Gaugler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0893-1","article-title":"Technology-based cognitive training and rehabilitation interventions for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0024","volume-title":"Handbook of behavioral intervention science","author":"Gitlin","year":""},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100577","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in the U.S.: Lifetime risk, age at onset, and years impaired","volume":"11","author":"Hale","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Population Health"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P101","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.2.P101","article-title":"Variability in reaction time performance of younger and older adults","volume":"57","author":"Hultsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"igad031","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igad031","article-title":"Using immersive virtual reality to enhance social interaction among older adults: A cross-site investigation","volume":"7","author":"Kalantari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4017\/gt.2024.23.1.1055.12","article-title":"Supporting older adults with mobility disabilities through voice-activated digital assistants and smart home technologies","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"","journal-title":"Gerontechnology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17366","article-title":"The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life","volume":"69","author":"Kotwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003134","article-title":"Comparison of dementia incidence and prevalence between individuals with and without HIV infection in primary care from 2000 to 2016","volume":"36","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218112","article-title":"How do impairments in cognitive functions affect activities of daily living functions in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0169","article-title":"Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults","volume":"4","author":"Levine","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2025.2460104","article-title":"Characterizing the attitudes, proficiency, and usage patterns for daily technology among older adults with cognitive impairment","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200602","article-title":"Rural\u2013urban disparities in the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Taiwan: A door-to-door nationwide study","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2022.2091080","article-title":"Examining the impact of functional disability and cognitive impairment on mental health of Chinese elderly","volume":"61","author":"Maitixirepu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Work in Health Care"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104034","article-title":"Relationship between instrumental activities of daily living performance and incidence of mild cognitive impairment among older adults: A 48-month follow-up study","volume":"88","author":"Makino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193718","article-title":"Inclusion of older adults in the research and design of digital technology","volume":"16","author":"Mannheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0039","volume-title":"Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0040","volume-title":"Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community","author":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv030","article-title":"The impact of memory change on daily life in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"56","author":"Parikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv144","article-title":"Valued activities among individuals with and without cognitive impairments: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study","volume":"57","author":"Parisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656","article-title":"The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07366-2","article-title":"The relation between cognitive functioning and activities of daily living in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: A meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Raimo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362","article-title":"Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020\u20132060)","volume":"17","author":"Rajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.166","article-title":"Effectiveness of a meta-cognitive group intervention for older adults with subjective cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment: The ASPIRE randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Rotenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103278","article-title":"Embedding equality, diversity and inclusion in usability testing: Recommendations and a research agenda","volume":"188","author":"Rutter","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x","article-title":"What and when of cognitive aging","volume":"13","author":"Salthouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.34197\/ats-scholar.2020-0127PS","article-title":"Zooming into focus groups: Strategies for qualitative research in the era of social distancing","volume":"2","author":"Santhosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"ATS Scholar"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066x.49.4.304","article-title":"The course of adult intellectual development","volume":"49","author":"Schaie","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010419-050754","article-title":"Family caregiving for older adults","volume":"71","author":"Schulz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264319878095","article-title":"Cognitive diversity in a healthy aging cohort: Cross-domain cognition in the Cam-CAN project","volume":"32","author":"Shafto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343415583747","article-title":"Online information search performance and search strategies in a health problem solving scenario","volume":"9","author":"Sharit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabj2422","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj2422","article-title":"A strong dependency between changes in fluid and crystallized abilities in human cognitive aging","volume":"8","author":"Tucker-Drob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59195","DOI":"10.2196\/59195","article-title":"Virtual reality interventions for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061406465763900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03941-y","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-based interventions for community-dwelling people with cognitive decline: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"23","author":"Zuschnegg","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"}],"container-title":["The Gerontologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article-pdf\/65\/7\/gnaf114\/63490630\/gnaf114.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article-pdf\/65\/7\/gnaf114\/63490630\/gnaf114.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T06:47:04Z","timestamp":1749883624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geront\/gnaf114\/8162654"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tamar","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnaf114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-9013","1758-5341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-9013","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"article-number":"gnaf114"}}