{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:16:11Z","timestamp":1790270171210,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined whether transitions in living arrangements, that is, changes in cohabitation status or household composition are associated with life satisfaction in later life and whether these relationships differ by race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the 2014 to 2020 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N\u2009=\u20098,389) were analyzed. The 2014 baseline was chosen to ensure harmonization of the study variables across waves, specifically accounting for changes in psychosocial indicators. Linear regression models assessed associations between living arrangement types, living arrangement transitions and changes in life satisfaction, using a two-wave before\/after design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults who lived alone at baseline experienced lower life satisfaction during the observation period. Additionally, older adults who lived alone at both time points, transitioned to living alone, or transitioned to living with others, experienced declines in life satisfaction. Non-Hispanic Black older adults experienced greater declines to life satisfaction than non-Hispanic White older adults experiencing the same transitions, including living with others at both time points, transitioning to living with others, or transitioning to living alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings from this study demonstrated a negative association between living alone and life satisfaction, irrespective of whether we focused on baseline living arrangement status or transition to living alone. The moderating role of race\/ethnicity reflects both cultural norms, such as stronger family support among non-Hispanic Black older adults, and structural inequalities affecting living arrangement choices. These findings underscore the importance of generating policies and programs that promote social connection, financial stability, and culturally responsive support for older adults living alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaf316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:01:06Z","timestamp":1765976466000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transitions in living arrangements and life satisfaction in later life: the role of race and ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3436-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuyi","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston, Massachusetts,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston, Massachusetts,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey E","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston, Massachusetts,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2142-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Jhu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Research Institute (PRI), The Pennsylvania State University , College Park, Pennsylvania,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020994.n4","volume-title":"The SAGE handbook of quantitative methods in psychology","author":"Allison","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.17703\/JCCT.2018.4.4.301","article-title":"Transition in living arrangement and life satisfaction in old age","volume":"4","author":"Baik","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B459895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-008-9426-2","article-title":"The relative contributions of race\/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, health, and social relationships to life satisfaction in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Barger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5430\/ijh.v8n2p19","article-title":"Life satisfaction among individuals 50 years or older: Why living arrangements matter?","volume":"8","author":"Basu","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Healthcare"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12325","article-title":"Elasticities and the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation","volume":"82","author":"Bellemare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146519849113","article-title":"Crowded nests: Parent\u2013adult child coresidence transitions and parental mental health following the great recession","volume":"60","author":"Caputo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-10571923","article-title":"Under different roofs? Coresidence with adult children and parents\u2019 mental health across race and ethnicity over two decades","volume":"60","author":"Caputo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B7657924","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0587-2","article-title":"Quality of life and related factors: a questionnaire survey of older people living alone in Mainland China","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research : An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.162","article-title":"Latent class analysis of health lifestyle among older adults living alone and associations with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms","volume":"361","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B8","volume-title":"The demographics of multigenerational households","author":"Cohn","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The satisfaction with life scale","volume":"49","author":"Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B10","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Handbook of theories of aging","author":"Ferraro","year":"2009","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X10000231","article-title":"Living conditions and life satisfaction of older Europeans living alone: A gender and cross-country analysis","volume":"30","author":"Gaymu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B3746213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.07.002","article-title":"The Age Profile of Life Satisfaction After Age 65 in the U.S","volume":"189","author":"Hudomiet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2010.00306.x","article-title":"Under one roof: A review of research on intergenerational coresidence and multigenerational households in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Keene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociology Compass"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06018.x","article-title":"Facing the challenge of adapting to a life \u2018alone\u2019 in old age: The influence of losses","volume":"69","author":"Kirkevold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7020068","article-title":"Living alone among older adults in Canada and the US","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx068","article-title":"Older adults without close kin in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Margolis","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.971706","article-title":"Differences in life satisfaction among older community-dwelling Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites","volume":"19","author":"Marquine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701756946","article-title":"The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction","volume":"3","author":"Pavot","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby099","article-title":"A new look at the living arrangements of older Americans using multistate life tables","volume":"74","author":"Raymo","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400301","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing values","volume":"4","author":"Royston","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn002","article-title":"Living alone and depressive symptoms: The influence of gender, physical disability, and social support among Hispanic and non-Hispanic older adults","volume":"64","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt072","article-title":"Widowed mothers\u2019 coresidence with adult children","volume":"69","author":"Seltzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.793285","article-title":"Race differences in the association of spiritual experiences and life satisfaction in older age","volume":"17","author":"Skarupski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B23","volume-title":"Psychosocial and lifestyle questionnaire 2006\u20132010: Documentation report","author":"Smith","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067","article-title":"Cohort profile: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS)","volume":"43","author":"Sonnega","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac099","article-title":"Is transition in living arrangements associated with older adults\u2019 life satisfaction when preference is considered?","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X17001064","article-title":"The race paradox in subjective wellbeing among older Americans","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X2199318","article-title":"Fictive kin networks among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino Whites","volume":"43","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B28","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries","author":"Thomas","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B31","author":"Census","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026092412523922300_gnaf316-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0295895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295895","article-title":"Changes in life satisfaction among middle-aged adults living alone over a 12-year span","volume":"18","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["The Gerontologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/geront\/gnaf316\/66014856\/gnaf316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article-pdf\/66\/3\/gnaf316\/66014856\/gnaf316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article-pdf\/66\/3\/gnaf316\/66014856\/gnaf316.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:52:54Z","timestamp":1790268774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geront\/gnaf316\/8383894"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joseph E","family":"Gaugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnaf316","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-9013","1758-5341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-9013","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"article-number":"gnaf316"}}