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Victimization was categorized into 3 levels: none, monovictimization, and polyvictimization. Relationship quality was measured by social support and social strain. Depressive symptoms were assessed using a shortened version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression) scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monovictimization and polyvictimization were conditionally associated with more depressive symptoms at T1 and T2. At T1, polyvictimized older adults with higher support had fewer depressive symptoms compared with those with lower support. Higher social strain exacerbated depressive symptoms among monovictimized individuals. At T2, social support no longer had a moderating effect, but social strain continued to exacerbate depressive symptoms for both monovictimized and polyvictimized individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polyvictimization is a potential risk factor for depressive symptoms in later life. Social support is protective, but its effect is transient. Social strain amplifies the deleterious effects of victimization on depressive symptoms over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:44:49Z","timestamp":1774442689000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyvictimization, social relationship quality, and depressive symptoms in later life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0159-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinnan","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth F","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070713271747900_gnag027-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2017.1365031","article-title":"The National Elder Mistreatment Study: An 8-year longitudinal study of outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Acierno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2026070713271747900_gnag027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gnaf039","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaf039","article-title":"Do higher levels of lifetime victimization predict an earlier onset of first IADL limitation in later life?","volume":"65","author":"Bell","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026070713271747900_gnag027-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00785763","article-title":"Cognitive coping response to crises and onset of depression","volume":"31","author":"Bifulco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026070713271747900_gnag027-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1057\/sj.2012.11","article-title":"Not a victimless crime: The impact of fraud on individual victims and their families","volume":"27","author":"Button","year":"2014","journal-title":"Security Journal"},{"key":"2026070713271747900_gnag027-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i162","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr048","article-title":"Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: The Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study","volume":"66(Suppl. 1)","author":"Crimmins","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. 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