{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:12:23Z","timestamp":1792512743099,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["410-2011-1687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["410-2011-1687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Much like sexism, ageism is a multifaceted prejudice; it involves benevolent and hostile attitudes toward older adults. There are many scales designed to measure hostile ageism, yet none dedicated to measuring benevolent ageism. In the current studies, we developed and validated a 13-item measure: the Ambivalent Ageism Scale (AAS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We employed four stages of scale development and validation. In Stage 1, we created 41 benevolent ageist items adapted from existing ageism measures. In Stages 2 and 3, we further refined the pool of items through additional testing and factor analysis and retained nine items loading strongly on two factors related to benevolent ageism: cognitive assistance\/physical protection and unwanted help. In order to enable researchers to contrast benevolent and hostile attitudes, we then added four hostile ageist items. In Stage 4, we assessed the test\u2013retest reliability of the 13-item scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AAS had good test\u2013retest reliability (r = .80) and good internal consistency (\u03b1 = .91). As predicted, the benevolent and hostile ageism subscales differentially predicted attitudes toward older adults: higher scores on the hostile subscale predicted lower competence and warmth ratings, whereas higher scores on the benevolent subscale predicted higher warmth perceptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AAS is a useful tool for researchers to assess hostile and benevolent ageism. This measure serves as an important first step in designing interventions to reduce the harmful effects of both hostile and benevolent ageism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T20:38:50Z","timestamp":1471034330000},"page":"e27-e36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["The Ambivalent Ageism Scale: Developing and Validating a Scale to Measure Benevolent and Hostile Ageism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Lindsey A.","family":"Cary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto , Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison L.","family":"Chasteen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto , Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Remedios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Meford, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010516415078700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327027hc0803_3","article-title":"Patterns of communication in old age: The dependence-support and independence-ignore script","volume":"8","author":"Baltes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"2026010516415078700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr057","article-title":"Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com\u2019s Mechanical Turk","volume":"20","author":"Berinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"2026010516415078700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/00050069308258857","article-title":"An empirical study of ageism: From polemics to scientific utility","volume":"28","author":"Braithwaite","year":"1993","journal-title":"Australian Psychologist"},{"key":"2026010516415078700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610393980","article-title":"Amazon Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high quality data?","volume":"6","author":"Buhrmester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026010516415078700_CIT0005","first-page":"99","article-title":"Age stereotypes and age stigma: Connections to research on subjective aging","volume-title":"Research on subjective aging: New developments and future directions. 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