{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T03:29:34Z","timestamp":1767756574638,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,4]],"date-time":"2018-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007236","name":"Office of Justice Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000074","name":"U.S. Department of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the elder abuse field, research on the characteristics of the abusers is scant, and no validated measure of abuser risk exists. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the Abuser Risk Measure (ARM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Rasch measurement model and traditional psychometrics were used on a sample of 425 elder abuse cases that completed an elder abuse investigation and had a substantiation decision (yes\/no). All had usable ARM responses that were obtained primarily from the alleged victim. ARM construct\/criterion validity was tested against four types of elder abuse using substantiation decision as the criterion. Item analyses guided the development of a full 21-item ARM measure and, subsequently, a short, 9-item screener.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 21-item ARM met the Rasch criteria. Although the screener was borderline on Rasch criteria, the combination of a good Cronbach\u2019s alpha with strong criterion validation provided a rationale for endorsing its validity. Both versions of the ARM were significantly and most strongly predictive of physical and emotional abuse, and significant for financial exploitation. While not significantly predictive of neglect alone, they were strongly and significantly predictive of total types of abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was innovative in developing abuser risk items, analyzing client data, and generally supporting ARM validity for elder abuse. Theoretically, and now empirically, it is becoming clear that measures of abuser risk have an important role to play in both case assessment and in research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T13:33:40Z","timestamp":1531575220000},"page":"e403-e414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Abuser Risk Measure: Reports by Alleged Victims to Adult Protective Services"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kendon J","family":"Conrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health , Oak Park, Illinois"},{"name":"Program Metrics, LLC , Oak Park, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen M","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health , Oak Park, Illinois"},{"name":"Program Metrics, LLC , Oak Park, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470061589.fsa480.pub2","article-title":"Elder abuse: Risk","volume-title":"Wiley encyclopedia of forensic science","author":"Anetzberger","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0002","volume-title":"Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences","author":"Bond","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513516387","article-title":"Elder abuse and neglect risk alleviation in protective services","volume":"29","author":"Burnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0004","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2011.558784","article-title":"Conceptual model and map of psychological abuse of older adults","volume":"23","author":"Conrad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"year":"2013","author":"Conrad","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0006"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000103527.52821.1c","article-title":"International conference on objective measurement: Applications of Rasch analysis in health care","volume":"42","author":"Conrad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"volume-title":"Item response theory for psychologists","year":"2000","author":"Embretson","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0008"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0009","first-page":"28","article-title":"Exploitation of the elderly: Undue influence as a form of elder abuse","volume":"13","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Geriatrics"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X14554063","article-title":"All elder abuse perpetrators are not alike: The heterogeneity of elder abuse perpetrators and implications for intervention","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.26.6.738","article-title":"Risk factors associated with elder abuse: The importance of differentiating by type of elder maltreatment","volume":"26","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027273","article-title":"Pure financial exploitation vs. Hybrid financial exploitation co-occurring with physical abuse and\/or neglect of elderly persons","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"volume-title":"Understanding elder abuse: New directions for developing theories of elder abuse occurring in domestic settings","year":"2013","author":"Jackson","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0013"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs195","article-title":"Elder abuse: A systematic review of risk factors in community-dwelling elders","volume":"42","author":"Johannesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0015","first-page":"266","article-title":"Detecting multidimensionality: Which residual data-type works best","volume":"2","author":"Linacre","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Outcome Measurement"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0016","first-page":"85","article-title":"Optimizing rating scale category effectiveness","volume":"3","author":"Linacre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Measurement"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8400400203","article-title":"Statistical approaches to the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves","volume":"4","author":"McNeil","year":"1984","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.50.9.741","article-title":"Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons\u2019 responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning","volume":"50","author":"Messick","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"volume-title":"Strengthening the national institute of justice","year":"2010","author":"National Research Council","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0019"},{"volume-title":"Psychometric theory","year":"1994","author":"Nunnally","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0020"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0021","first-page":"207","article-title":"Elder abuse is caused by the deviance and dependence of abusive caregivers","volume-title":"Current controversies on family violence","author":"Pillemer","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2011.558777","article-title":"Practitioners\u2019 views on elder mistreatment research priorities: Recommendations from a research-to-practice consensus conference","volume":"23","author":"Pillemer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1300\/J084v16n01_04","article-title":"Financial exploitation of older persons: Policy issues and recommendations for addressing them","volume":"16","author":"Rabiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"volume-title":"Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests","year":"1960","author":"Rasch","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0024"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/713650004","article-title":"Risk factor characteristics in carers who physically abuse or neglect their elderly dependants","volume":"5","author":"Reay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/1164671","article-title":"Unifactor latent trait models applied to multifactor tests: Results and implications","volume":"4","author":"Reckase","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/38.4.471","article-title":"Validation of the indicators of abuse (IOA) screen","volume":"38","author":"Reis","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0028","first-page":"205","article-title":"Detecting and evaluating the impact of multidimensionality using item fit statistics and principal component analysis of residuals","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Measurement"},{"volume-title":"Constructing measures: An item response modeling approach","year":"2005","author":"Wilson","key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0029"},{"key":"2026010622220914000_CIT0030","first-page":"238","article-title":"Elder abuse and neglect: History and concepts","volume-title":"Elder mistreatment: Abuse, neglect, and exploitation in an aging America","author":"Wolf","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The Gerontologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article-pdf\/59\/5\/e403\/66284435\/geront_59_5_e403.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article-pdf\/59\/5\/e403\/66284435\/geront_59_5_e403.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T03:22:27Z","timestamp":1767756147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gerontologist\/article\/59\/5\/e403\/5066653"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Pruchno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gny091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-9013","1758-5341"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0016-9013"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-5341"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,4]]}}}