{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:56:33Z","timestamp":1790103393227,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008678","name":"University of Leipzig","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008678","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE3454\/4\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE3454\/4\u20131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE160101142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE160101142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP160104025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP160104025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Venoms and the toxins they contain represent molecular adaptations that have evolved on numerous occasions throughout the animal kingdom. However, the processes that shape venom protein evolution are poorly understood because of the scarcity of whole-genome data available for comparative analyses of venomous species.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a broad comparative toxicogenomic analysis to gain insight into the genomic mechanisms of venom evolution in robber flies (Asilidae). We first sequenced a high-quality draft genome of the hymenopteran hunting robber fly Dasypogon diadema, analysed its venom by a combined proteotranscriptomic approach, and compared our results with recently described robber fly venoms to assess the general composition and major components of asilid venom. We then applied a comparative genomics approach, based on 1 additional asilid genome, 10 high-quality dipteran genomes, and 2 lepidopteran outgroup genomes, to reveal the evolutionary mechanisms and origins of identified venom proteins in robber flies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While homologues were identified for 15 of 30 predominant venom protein in the non-asilid genomes, the remaining 15 highly expressed venom proteins appear to be unique to robber flies. Our results reveal that the venom of D. diadema likely evolves in a multimodal fashion comprising (i) neofunctionalization after gene duplication, (ii) expression-dependent co-option of proteins, and (iii) asilid lineage-specific orphan genes with enigmatic origin. The role of such orphan genes is currently being disputed in evolutionary genomics but has not been discussed in the context of toxin evolution. Our results display an unexpected dynamic venom evolution in asilid insects, which contrasts the findings of the only other insect toxicogenomic evolutionary analysis, in parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera), where toxin evolution is dominated by single gene co-option. These findings underpin the significance of further genomic studies to cover more neglected lineages of venomous taxa and to understand the importance of orphan genes as possible drivers for venom evolution.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T23:16:03Z","timestamp":1562714163000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Toxins from scratch? Diverse, multimodal gene origins in the predatory robber fly <i>Dasypogon diadema<\/i> indicate a dynamic venom evolution in dipteran insects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan Holger","family":"Drukewitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Project group Bioresources, Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Bokelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eivind A B","family":"Undheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn M","family":"von Reumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project group Bioresources, Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"},{"name":"LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35394 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111715001042100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7799","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.15.7799","article-title":"Evolution by the birth-and-death process in multigene families of the vertebrate immune system","volume":"94","author":"Nei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024111715001042100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5494.1151","article-title":"The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes","volume":"290","author":"Lynch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024111715001042100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.020","article-title":"Complex cocktails: The evolutionary novelty of venoms","volume":"28","author":"Casewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2024111715001042100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356","article-title":"The toxicogenomic multiverse: Convergent recruitment of proteins into animal venoms","volume":"10","author":"Fry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"2024111715001042100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E292","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070292","article-title":"Studying smaller and neglected organisms in modern evolutionary venomics implementing RNASeq (transcriptomics)\u2014A critical guide","volume":"10","author":"von Reumont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"2024111715001042100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6123488","article-title":"Quo vadis venomics? 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