{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:06:58Z","timestamp":1790726818157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HA1011\/11-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HA1011\/11-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus mitis possesses, like other members of the Mitis group of viridans streptococci, phosphorylcholine (P-Cho)-containing teichoic acids (TAs) in its cell wall. Bioinformatic analyses predicted the presence of TAs that are almost identical with those identified in the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, but a detailed analysis of S. mitis lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was not performed to date. Here, we determined the structures of LTA from two S. mitis strains, the high-level beta-lactam and multiple antibiotic resistant strain B6 and the penicillin-sensitive strain NCTC10712. In agreement with bioinformatic predictions, we found that the structure of one LTA (type IV) was like pneumococcal LTA, except the exchange of a glucose moiety with a galactose within the repeating units. Further genome comparisons suggested that the majority of S. mitis strains should contain the same type IV LTA as S. pneumoniae, providing a more complete understanding of the biosynthesis of these P-Cho-containing TAs in members of the Mitis group of streptococci. Remarkably, we observed besides type IV LTA, an additional polymer belonging to LTA type I in both investigated S. mitis strains. This LTA consists of \u03b2-galactofuranosyl-(1,3)-diacylglycerol as glycolipid anchor and a poly-glycerol-phosphate chain at the O-6 position of the furanosidic galactose. Hence, these bacteria are capable of synthesizing two different LTA polymers, most likely produced by distinct biosynthesis pathways. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed the prevalence of the LTA synthase LtaS, most probably responsible for the second LTA version (type I), among S. mitis and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwab079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T07:19:31Z","timestamp":1626851971000},"page":"1655-1669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Commensal\n                    <i>Streptococcus mitis<\/i>\n                    produces two different lipoteichoic acids of type I and type IV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3260-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Schwudke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0700-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Denapaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02556.x","article-title":"Competence pheromone, oligopeptide permease, and induction of competence in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"21","author":"Alioing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4686-4696.2004","article-title":"Accuracy of phenotypic and genotypic testing for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and description of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae sp. nov","volume":"42","author":"Arbique","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17143.x","article-title":"The structure of pneumococcal lipoteichoic acid. Improved preparation, chemical and mass spectrometric studies","volume":"207","author":"Behr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01821.x-i2","article-title":"Structures of two cell wall-associated polysaccharides of a Streptococcus mitis biovar 1 strain. A unique teichoic acid-like polysaccharide and the group O antigen which is a C-polysaccharide in common with pneumococci","volume":"267","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-3","article-title":"Assigning strains to bacterial species via the internet","volume":"7","author":"Bishop","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.2.414-418.1986","article-title":"Relationship of critical micelle concentrations of bacterial lipoteichoic acids to biological activities","volume":"51","author":"Courtney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0026","article-title":"Biosynthesis of teichoic acids in Streptococcus pneumoniae and closely related species: lessons from genomes","volume":"18","author":"Denapaite","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009426","article-title":"The genome of Streptococcus mitis B6 - what is a commensal?","volume":"5","author":"Denapaite","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00041-15","article-title":"Highly variable Streptococcus oralis strains are common among viridans Streptococci isolated from primates","volume":"1","author":"Denapaite","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10572","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC05646J","article-title":"Specific and spatial labeling of choline-containing teichoic acids in Streptococcus pneumoniae by click chemistry","volume":"53","author":"Di Guilmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Commun (Camb)"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01286-19","article-title":"Genomic characterization of the emerging pathogen Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Garriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12011","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002174","article-title":"Structural analysis and immunostimulatory potency of lipoteichoic acids isolated from three Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains","volume":"293","author":"Gisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15654","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.446963","article-title":"Structural reevaluation of Streptococcus pneumoniae lipoteichoic acid and new insights into its immunostimulatory potency","volume":"288","author":"Gisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol 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mutants","volume":"14","author":"Meiers","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2010.00601.x","article-title":"Streptococcus mitis: Walking the line between commensalism and pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091213-112949","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid synthesis and function in gram-positive bacteria","volume":"68","author":"Percy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00638-14","article-title":"Highly purified mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides drive cell-mediated responses and activate NKT cells in cattle","volume":"22","author":"Pirson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Envelope structures of gram-positive bacteria","volume":"404","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000573","article-title":"In silico assessment of virulence factors in strains of Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis isolated from patients with infective endocarditis","volume":"66","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02260.x","article-title":"Location, synthesis and function of glycolipids and polyglycerolphosphate lipoteichoic acid in gram-positive bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes","volume":"319","author":"Reichmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01613.x","article-title":"Unique poly(glycerophosphate) lipoteichoic acid and the glycolipids of a Streptococcus sp. closely related to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"267","author":"Roethlisberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.130953","article-title":"Streptococcus mitis strains causing severe clinical disease in cancer patients","volume":"20","author":"Shelburne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.10.021","article-title":"The teichoic acid (C-polysaccharide) synthesized by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5 has a specific structure","volume":"340","author":"Vialle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr Res"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Structural characterization of wall and lipidated polysaccharides from Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124","volume":"448","author":"Vinogradov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr Res"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10620","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.003360","article-title":"Attachment of phosphorylcholine residues to pneumococcal teichoic acids and modification of substitution patterns by the phosphorylcholine esterase","volume":"293","author":"Waldow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01099-20","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. mitis, and S. oralis produce a phosphatidylglycerol-dependent, ltaS-Independent glycerophosphate-linked glycolipid","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9513","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009978","article-title":"An atypical lipoteichoic acid from Clostridium perfringens elicits a broadly cross-reactive and protective immune response","volume":"295","author":"Wenzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2022012810422252700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1374-1382.2000","article-title":"Genetic relationships between clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mitis: Characterization of \u201cAtypical\u201d pneumococci and organisms allied to S. mitis harboring S. pneumoniae virulence factor-encoding genes","volume":"68","author":"Whatmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect 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