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They achieve this by recognizing specific glycan patterns on viral surfaces or mediating interactions with intracellular viral or host proteins, subsequently influencing the critical phases of the viral life cycle, such as attachment, replication, immune evasion, and reactivation. Furthermore, galectins modulate host immune responses, shaping the progression and outcomes of viral infections. This review comprehensively examines the roles of both endogenous and exogenous galectins in viral infections, noting that only a few galectins, including Galectin-1, \u22123, \u22124, \u22127, \u22128, and\u00a0\u22129, Have been identified as key players in viral infection. Notably, Galectin-1, \u22123, and\u00a0\u22129 play diverse functions in both DNA and RNA viral infection. Emerging evidence highlights the potential of Galectin-4 and -8 as intracellular sensors and modulators of viral pathogenesis. Endogenous galectins, produced by host cells, act through both glycan-dependent and glycan-independent mechanisms, influencing viral processes and immune responses. Exogenous galectins, which are secreted by other cells or administered as recombinant proteins, can either enhance or counteract the actions of endogenous galectins. The functions of galectins are virus-specific and context-dependent, serving as either promoters or inhibitors of viral replication and reactivation. Dysregulation of galectin expression is often linked to disease progression, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets. The important and varied roles that galectins play in viral infections are highlighted in this review, which also provides fresh insights into host-pathogen interactions and the development of antiviral tactics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwaf026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T03:46:41Z","timestamp":1745984801000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Multifaceted Roles of Galectins in Host\u2013Virus Interactions: A Comprehensive Overview"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ying-Wei","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zih-Syuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Tzu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-I","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Salama","family":"Hemdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Tadikamalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albright Dew","family":"Baua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 807 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanchai","family":"Assavalapsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunee","family":"Thitithanyanont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Day-Yu","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University , 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC , 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , 128 Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Fan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"M.Sc. 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