{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:51:33Z","timestamp":1786715493117,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang-Gang Memorial Hospital Research Foundation","award":["CORPG3P0631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG3P0631"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, ROC","award":["112\u20132320-B-001-025-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112\u20132320-B-001-025-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent gastric pathogen that modulates host cell signaling pathways and represents a major risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Galectin-3 is a host factor that contributes to immune regulation and cell death responses. However, its precise role in epithelial cell fate during H. pylori infection remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate in AGS epithelial cells that H. pylori infection induces the accumulation of cytosolic galectin-3 around lysosomes damaged by the infection, detectable as puncta formation, and this process requires the presence of O-glycan. Using galectin-3 knockout cells, we show that galectin-3 expression correlates with the extent of apoptosis triggered by infection, which proceeds independently of VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin A). Pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 glycan binding prevents lysosomal puncta formation but does not diminish apoptosis, indicating that galectin-3 promotes cell death through glycan-independent protein\u2013protein interactions. Moreover, galectin-3 puncta co-localize with LC3-positive autophagosomal structures, and functional assays reveal that the initiation of autophagy facilitates apoptosis. Collectively, these findings identify galectin-3 as a pro-apoptotic factor involved in the epithelial response to H. pylori infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwaf081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T12:55:51Z","timestamp":1763816151000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Galectin-3 facilitates\n                    <i>helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    -induced apoptosis independently of sensing lysosomal damage"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1963-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsien","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei 115201 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33305 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei 115201 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei 115201 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33305 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7145-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Ho","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Chang Gung University , Taoyuan City 333 02,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei 115201 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California , 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90498-7","article-title":"Galectins: a family of animal beta-galactoside-binding lectins","volume":"76","author":"Barondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.310","article-title":"Lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cell death","volume":"27","author":"Boya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.08.003","article-title":"TRIMs and galectins globally cooperate and TRIM16 and Galectin-3 Co-direct autophagy in endomembrane damage homeostasis","volume":"39","author":"Chauhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903497106","article-title":"Galectin-3 negatively regulates TCR-mediated CD4+ T-cell activation at the immunological synapse","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00899-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00899-17","article-title":"Galectin-3 inhibits Galectin-8\/parkin-mediated ubiquitination of group A streptococcus","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref6","first-page":"951","article-title":"Induction of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis by helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin","volume":"63","author":"Cover","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025122104515897200_ref7","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Galectins. 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