{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:06:53Z","timestamp":1777489613186,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82041010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82041010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82402589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92169212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M710781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response","award":["20dz2260100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20dz2260100"]}]},{"name":"Key Discipline Construction Plan from Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["GWV-10.1-XK01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWV-10.1-XK01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and receptor-binding domain subunit (RBD-subunit) booster vaccination can induce effective humoral immune responses. CD4+ T helper cells are essential for helping B cells and antibody responses. However, the response of CD4+ T cells to booster vaccination, especially the virus-induced T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, needs to be better characterized. In this study, we investigated this response using single-cell sequencing and flow cytometry. Additionally, we employed a customized algorithm to identify virus-induced T cell receptors (VI-TCRs), enabling further exploration of the activation and persistence of virus-induced CD4+ T cell responses. We identified a subset of classic Tfh (cTfh) cells with high expression of PD-1 and IFN-\u03b3. These cells were notably activated following booster vaccination, and their proportion was correlated with antibody titers. Trajectory analysis of activated cTfh cells revealed a subset of virus-induced cTfh cells that might maintain immune responses beyond 90 days post-vaccination. In summary, we identified a group of PD-1high cTfh cells\u00a0induced by COVID-19 vaccination, which can enhance humoral responses and exhibit the long-term persistence against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We also developed a method for single-cell immune data analysis to understand virus-induced immune responses. Understanding how cTfh cells help antibody production will provide essential insights into the rational design of new vaccine strategies to optimize long-term immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T15:06:46Z","timestamp":1741878406000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The High Expression of PD-1 Defines A Subpopulation of Tfh Cells Responding to COVID-19 Vaccine in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5209-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai 200040,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno 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